Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Practice Flashcards (ADHD, ASD, IDD, Learning Disorders, Language & Speech, Pragmatic Disorder, Tourette's)

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering ADHD, Specific Learning Disorder, ASD, Intellectual Disability, Language/Speech disorders, Pragmatic (Social) Communication Disorder, and Tourette’s Disorder based on the lecture notes.

What is the DSM-5 definition of ADHD?

A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

What are the two core symptom domains of ADHD in DSM-5?

Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity.

How many inattentive symptoms are required for ADHD in children under 17?

Six or more symptoms for at least 6 months.

How many hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms are required for ADHD in children under 17?

Six or more symptoms for at least 6 months (five or more for individuals 17 and older).

ADHD symptoms must be present in how many settings?

Two or more settings (e.g., home and school, or work).

By what age must ADHD symptoms have been present for a diagnosis (age of onset)?

Before age 12 years.

What are the three presentations/subtypes of ADHD according to DSM-5?

Inattentive (ADD), Hyperactive/Impulsive, and Combined.

According to the notes, which group is diagnosed more frequently with ADHD, boys or girls?

Boys are 2–3 times more likely to be diagnosed than girls.

What are some common adult outcomes associated with ADHD as described in the notes?

Lower educational attainment, lower employment, higher divorce rate, substance use problems, and antisocial personality disorder.

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in ADHD?

Dopamine.

What are the two main treatment approaches for ADHD described?

Biological interventions (stimulant medications like methylphenidate) and psychosocial interventions (cognitive-behavioral strategies).

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is defined by what discrepancy between achievement and IQ?

A discrepancy of more than two standard deviations between achievement and IQ.

Which academic domain is most commonly affected in Specific Learning Disorder?

Reading (dyslexia).

What are the three core criteria for Intellectual Disability (IDD) per DSM-5?

Deficits in intellectual functioning; deficits in adaptive functioning; onset during the developmental period.

What are the three domains of impairment in Intellectual Disability (IDD)?

Conceptual, Social, and Practical.

Age of onset for Intellectual Disability (IDD)?

Before 18 years.

Name a common chromosomal cause of Intellectual Disability.

Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

Describe Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and who it mostly affects.

An X-linked disorder with intellectual disability, cerebral palsy signs, and self-injurious behavior; mostly males.

Describe Fragile X syndrome in terms of inheritance and gender effects.

X-linked; both genders can be affected; females often have milder to severe learning disabilities.

What are characteristic facial features/features associated with Down syndrome?

Upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, flat facial profile, protruding tongue, brachycephaly, small ears.

How is the risk of Down syndrome related to maternal age?

Incidence increases with maternal age.

What are the two major characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Impairments in social communication and social interaction; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

When are impairments in ASD typically present and what do they affect?

Present in early childhood and limit daily functioning; affect social reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developing relationships.

What are the DSM-5 severity levels for ASD?

Level 1 Requiring support, Level 2 Requiring substantial support, Level 3 Requiring very substantial support.

What are the three DSM-5 criteria clusters for ASD (A, B, C, D) in brief?

A: Deficits in social communication/interaction; B: Restricted, repetitive patterns; C: Symptoms in early developmental period; D: Clinically impairing across settings.

What are the three domains of impairment for Intellectual Disability (IDD) beyond IQ?

Conceptual, Social, and Practical (adaptive functioning).

What is the typical course of Intellectual Disability (IDD)?

Chronic; generally does not have periods of remission like some other conditions.

Which genetic condition is described as an X-linked disorder with self-injurious behavior and is mostly in males?

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.

What is a key difference between Fragile X syndrome and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in terms of gender impact?

Fragile X affects both genders (females can have learning disabilities); Lesch-Nyhan is mainly in males.

What are some characteristic features of autism that are not exclusive to ASD but commonly discussed in notes?

Impairments in social communication/interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors/interests.

Language Disorder criteria highlight what core difficulties?

Persistent difficulties in acquiring and using language across modalities, including reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, and impaired discourse.

What is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) and its onset timing?

A disturbance in speech fluency with repetitions, prolongations, blocks, etc.; onset is in early development, typically before school age.

Name a common treatment approach mentioned for stuttering.

Regulated-Breathing Method (a behavioral treatment) or general behavioral approaches.

When does Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder most often begin?

By around age 6.

What is Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder concerned with?

Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication, affecting social participation and functioning.

What are the core tics and onset age in Tourette’s disorder?

Involuntary motor and vocal tics; onset before age 18.