Sexism & Sexual Harassment

Exam 02 Material

A father and son are in a car accident, but the surgeon says, “I can’t operate, this is my son”. How could this be possible?

The surgeon is the boy’s mother.

Gender Bias

An inclination to favor one gender over another, often leading to unfair treatment.

Discrimination

Unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice.

What is the term for bias based on age?

Ageism

What is ableism?

Discrimination based on physical ability

What is lookism?

Bias based on appearance

What are some examples of hostile sexism towards women?

Women are seen as incompetent, untrustworthy, not fit for leadership, and dangerous in relationships.

What are some examples of hostile sexism towards men?

Men are viewed as needing to be dominant, aggressive and untrustworthy in male-female relationships.

What is old-fashioned sexism?

Openly hostile and politically incorrect sexist attitudes.

What is modern sexism?

Subtle sexism marked by denial on ongoing gender discrimination, lack of support of equality, and victim-blaming.

What is the backlash effect?

Social and economic penalties faced by women who violate traditional gender stereotypes.

What is the purpose of gender stereotyping?

To restrict women’s roles and maintain male domination.

What did the Supreme Court decided in Ann Hopkin’s case?

Gender-based stereotyping played a major role in denying her promotion; women faced a Catch-22 regarding behavior.

What percentage of partners at PW were women in 2001?

Only 3% (28 out of 900).

What did Heidi/Howard study reveal about gender bias?

Were seen as equally competent, but Howard was viewed as more likable while Heidi was seen as seflish.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious negative attitudes towards a social group that influence perception and behavior.

What shapes implicit bias?

Experience and learned associations between traits and social categories like gender or race.

What is the Ban Bossy Campaign?

A 2014 campaign encouraging people to stop using “bossy” to describe assertive girls, to promote leadership in women.

How do women experience negotiation differently?

Women are less likely to negotiate than men, and when they do, they tend to receive less favorable outcomes.

What is hostile sexism?

Negative stereotypes about non-trad women.

What is benevolent sexism?

“Positive” stereotypes like viewing women as pure or needing protection, which still reinforce gender roles.

What makes benevolent sexism seem nice?

It uses affectionate or flattering language to justify traditional gender roles.

How is benevolent sexism harmful?

It restricts women’s freedom by placing them on a pedestal and assigning limiting roles

What are examples of hostile sexism from the scale?

Beliefs like women seeking special favors, misinterpreting comments, or trying to control men.

What are examples of benevolent sexism from the scale?

Beliefs like women are pure, should be protected, and deserved to be placed on a pedestal

Who scores higher on hostile sexism?

Men

Who sometimes scores higher on benevolent sexism?

Women

What trend was found in countries with lower gender equality?

Higher scores on both hostile and benevolent sexism

What is access discrimination?

Discrimination in hiring and advancement opportunities.

What is treatment discrimination?

Unequal treatment on the job, like lower salaries or harassment

What did the Equal Pay Act of 1963 do?

Required equal pay for equal work under similar conditions

What does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protect against?

Discrimination based on sex, pregnancy, and sexual harassment

What does the Family Medical Leave Act provide?

12 weeks of unpaid leave for family or medical reasons.

What % of sex-based discrimination cases had reasonable cause in 2018?

3.5%

How many end in EEOC-funded lawsuits?

Less than 0.5%

What types of discrimination are not protected under federal law?

Attractiveness, height/weight, caregiver status.

What is protected under federal law?

Gender identity, sexual orientation, race, disability, age, pregnancy, veteran status, etc.

What is the glass ceiling?

Invisible barriers that limit women’s advancement

What is the concrete ceiling?

A harsher version of the glass ceiling for ethnic minority women

What is the sticky floor?

Jobs with no advancement path

What is the maternal wall?

Career limitations after motherhood.

What is the glass escalator?

Men being fast-tracked in female-dominated fields

How do stereotypes affect women managers?

They face discrimination for not being “feminine” enough.

When is discrimination most likely?

In prestigious position or when qualification are ambiguous.

What were the hiring outcomes for male vs. female names?

75% of male names were approved vs. 45% of female names

Did male and female professor differ in responses?

No, both showed similar bias

What was the outcome when the applicant added “Mr.” to the resume?

He received more job offers, highlighting gender assumptions in male-dominated fields

What is stereotype threat?

When fear of confirming a stereotypes negatively impacts performance.

Who is most affect in gendered testing environments?

Women, especially in male-dominated groups

What are the impacts of sexism on targets?

Financial, emotional, and physical health issues.

What campaigns show early internalization of gender bias?

“Run Like a Girl” and young girls avoiding “smart” games.

What is masculine generic language?

Using male terms like “he” or “mankind” to refer to all people.

What is spotlighting?

Emphasizing someone’s gender unnecessarily

What are diminutive suffixes?

Suffixes like “-ette” or “-ess” used to feminize titles

What are examples of non-parallel terms?

Master vs. mistress, bachelor vs. spinster, wizard vs. witch

How are women often described?

With childlike, food, or sexualized items

What are gender-neutral alternatives to biased terms?

“Chairperson” instead of “chairman”, “humankind” instead of “mankind,” etc.

How do men and females labels differ?

Men are often called “men” or “bachelors”; women are labeled as “ladies,” “gals,” or “spinsters.”

What defines sexual harassment?

Unwanted sexual behaviors that affect employment, performance, or creates a hostile environment

What are the two main types?

Quid pro quo and hostile environment

What is the reasonable women standard?

A legal perspective that considers how a reasonable woman would perceive sexual harassment

Why is this standard used?

Women have historically been more vulnerable to sexual violence

What are examples of sexual harassment behaviors?

Unwanted touching, sexual jokes, innuendoes, staring, repeated advances, or rating someone’s sexuality

What are more examples of sexual harassment?

Name-calling, sexual ridicule, explicit materials, stalking, and attempted assault

What factors determine if behavior is harassment

Frequency, severity, threat level, interference with work, psychological effect, and power dynamics

How common is sexual harassment?

Very common, though few incidents meet legal standards

What forms of sexual harassment are most common?

Sexual jokes and remarks

What occupational factors are linked to harassment?

Male-dominated and blue-collar jobs

Who is most likely to be targeted by sexual harassment?

Young, unmarried women, lesbians, and women of color

What are the consequences of workplace harassment?

Psychological and physical distress, workplace hostility, and effects of labeling the experience as harassment