bio 3

what are all living organisms made out of

chemical substances

what are organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon are called organic

what are large organic molecules

macromolecules

what are 4 classes of biomolecules

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid

what are the 4 classes of biomolecules considered as

organic comounds

why are the 4 classes of biomolecules considered as organic compounds

because they are all based on the element carbon

what is the element that the 4 classes of biomolecules are based on

carbon

how many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell

4

how many atoms(elements) can carbon form covalent bonds with

4

what elements do carbon usually form covalent bonds with

C, H, O, N

what do all living things need

energy and nutrients

what do most organisms get their energy and nutrients from

from their food in the form of biomolecules

what is each kind of organic molecules built from

a single type of building block

what is the building block of carbohydrate

sugar

what is the building block of lipids

fatty acids

what is the building block of protein

amino acid

what is the building block of nucleic acid

nucleotide

how is polymer formed

when building blocks are joined together

what is a polymer

a large molecules made when building blocks join together

what happens when building blocks join together

they form a large molecule

what are the common characteristics of organic molecules

they are all carbon based and each kind of organic molecule is built from a single type of building block

what are building blocks called

monomers

how many of the 4 classes of biomolecules are classified as polymers

3

which of the 4 classes of biomolecules are classified as polymers

nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrates

why are biomolecules synthesised by the cells

to completer certain tasks and store energy for later used

what are proteins made of

amino acids

what are amino acids bonded together by

peptide bonds

what are proteins also known as

polypeptides

why are proteins also known as polypeptides

because the bond that holds amino acids together in a protein is called a peptide bond

what is the bond that holds amino acids together in a protein called

a peptide bond

what are proteins

Protein are enzymes that act as biological catalysts, maintaining
life by regulating where and when cellular reactions occur.

what do proteins help in maintaining

immune system as antibodies

how do proteins help in metabolism

by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones

what are the building block of proteins

amino acids

what is a long chain of amino acids known as

polypeptide

what does each amino acids have

a central carbon

each amino acids has a central carbon linked to waht

an amino group, carboxyl, group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain

what do enzymes assist in

the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA

what do enzymes do

carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells

what are messenger proteins

hormons

what do messenger proteins do

transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissue and organs

what does a structural component do

provide structure and support for cells and allow the body to move

what determines the shape of the protein

the order of amino acids

what determines the function of the protein

the shape

what does the shape of the protein determine

the function of the protein

what does the order of amino acids determine

the shape of the protein

what can proteins be used for

they transport molecules through membranes, attack invading germs, carry oxygen through the blood, and send signals through the body

what are common types of carbohyderates

starch and sugar

what are the functions of carbohyderates

they store chemical energy for cellular use and provide structural support in cells

what are the 4 types of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

how many sugar molecules are in monosaccharides

one sugar molecule

how many sugar molecules are in disaccharides

2 sugar molecules

how many sugar molecules are in oligosaccharides

2 to 10 sugar molecules

how many sugar molecules are in polysaccharides

10 or more sugar molecules

examples of monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, galactose

examples disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

examples of oligosaccharides

raffinsode, stachyose

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

what source is glucose in

plant leaves, animals

what source is galactose in

vegetables and fruit

what source is fructose in

milk, vegetables, fruit

what source is sucrose in

sugar cane

what source is starch in

plants

what is source is glycogen in

animals

what source is cellulose in

plant cell wall

how is maltose formed

glucose+glucose

how is sucrose formed

glucose+fructose

how is lactose formed

glucose+galactose

what are the classes of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

what food is rich in starch

potatoes, pasta, rice

why is starch valuable

they provide a quick form of energy for the body

what is glycogen used for

food storage in animals

what is cellulose used for

structural support in plants

what do lipids contain

fat, cholesterol, phospholipids

what are the main functions of fat

provides energy, cushion organs, carries vitamins, insulator, provided taste

what are the 3 classes of lipids

simple lipids, neutral lipids, derived lipids.

how many part is lipid made of

2

what are the 2 parts lipid is made of

1 glycerol +3 fatty acids

how many fatty acids are in a lipid

3

how many glycerol are in a lipid

1

why does your body store its extra energy in the form of fat

lipids contain more energy then carbohyderates

what does your body store it extra energy in the form of

fat

what are membranes made out of

phospholipid molecules

what is the primary component of all the cells membrane

lipids

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)

what are nucleic acids composed of

long chains on nucleotides liked by dehydration synthesis

what do nucleotides include

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases

what are the nitrogenous bases

adenine, thymine(DNA only ), uracil(RNA only), cytosine, guanine

what does the structure of DNA resemble

a twisted ladder called a double helix

what are the rails outside of the DNA ladder made out of

alternating sugar called deoxyribose and phosphates

what are the rungs inside of the DNA ladder made out of

it is made out of 4 different kinds of nitrogen containing bases with one base hanging off the sugar portion of each rail

what are the 4 nitrogen containing bases in the rungs of the DNA structure

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

what are the rails of the ladder of DNA held together by

the nitrogen containing bases

which bases attach to each other

adenine always attaches to thymine and cytosine always attaches to guanine

What is DNA found in

nucleus, mitochondria, plastids

What is function of DNA

digital, genetic, data storage

what is the copier enzyme of DNA

DNA polymerase

What is the backbone of DNA

deoxyribose

What is RNA found in

nucleus and cytosols

what is the copier enzyme of rna

RNA polymerase