Argentina 1966-1976: Revolución Argentina, Onganía, Lanusse, Cámpora and Perón

Question-and-answer flashcards covering the key events, actors, dates, and concepts from the notes on Argentina's Revolución Argentina (1966-1973), Onganía’s regime, the Lanusse era, Cámpora, Perón, and the lead-up to the 1976 dictatorship.

When did the military coup overthrow Arturo Illia and how long did the regime last?

The coup occurred on June 28, 1966, and the regime remained in power until mid-1973.

What period is known as the Revolución Argentina?

The seven-plus-year military rule following the 1966 coup (roughly 1966–1973) that interrupted democracy.

What did the Junta claim the coup would inaugurate in Argentina?

A new stage in political life aimed at progress under Western Occidental and Cristiana civilization.

Who was named president by the Junta after the coup?

General Juan Carlos Onganía.

What ideology influenced Onganía and how did he view the problem of society?

The Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional; he saw communism as the root of society's problems.

What were the three stages of Onganía's government program?

Economic time (stability and development), social time (distribution of benefits), political time (transfer of power to new political organizations).

Which groups supported the 1966 coup?

Business associations (UIA, CGE, Bolsa de Comercio, Sociedad Rural), most media, and some union leaders; many left parties opposed; Perón initially supported.

What actions did the regime take against politics and civil life?

Destitution of elected authorities and Supreme Court; prohibition of political parties; intervention in unions and universities.

What is the Noche de los bastones largos?

A violent crackdown on universities and professors, prompting mass resignations.

Who was appointed economy minister in 1967 and what policy did he promote?

Adalbert Krieger Vasena; he promoted an industrial development plan funded by foreign capital.

What was Cordobazo and what were its consequences?

Mass protests in Córdoba in 1969; about 12 deaths and ~100 wounded; military intervention and the provincial interventor resigned.

How did the CGT change during 1967-1968?

The CGT split into CGT Azopardo and CGT de los Argentinos; Raimundo Ongaro named secretary-general; Rogelio Coria formed Nueva Corriente de Opinión; Onganía recognized the CGT as the central.

What major guerrilla and protest groups emerged in this period?

FAP, FAL, ERP, FAR, Montoneros, and PRT.

What action did the FAL take on April 5, 1969?

Took the Regimiento de Patricios in Campo de Mayo, marking the start of urban guerrilla activity.

What is Montoneros and when did it form?

Founded in 1967 by nationalist Catholic and revolutionary Peronist groups; aimed to bring Perón back to Argentina.

When did Montoneros seize La Calera and declare themselves the armed wing of Peronism?

June 1, 1970.

What were ERP’s early activities and key actions?

ERP, led by Mario Roberto Santucho, operated mainly in Santa Fe, Córdoba, and Tucumán; notable actions include May 1971 seizure of the British consul in Rosario and the 1972 abduction/killing of Oberdan Sallustro.

Who governed after Onganía and what did his regime attempt economically?

General Roberto M. Levingston; pursued nationalist measures and a plan led by Aldo Ferrer, but faced inflation and slower growth.

What was the Viborazo and what caused it?

A 1971 insurrection in Córdoba triggered by José Camilo Uriburu’s aggressive stance; Uriburu’s resignation followed, contributing to Levingston’s downfall.

Which general became president after Levingston?

General Alejandro Agustín Lanusse.

What was the Gran Acuerdo Nacional (GAN)?

Lanusse’s program to open up politics by negotiating with major parties to ensure a managed transition while preserving some military influence.

Why was Perón a “grand absent” in the GAN?

Perón was exiled and not residing in the country; he exerted influence from abroad and with sindicales, governors, and others.

Who won the 1973 elections and who became president in March 1973?

The Peronist movement won; Héctor Cámpora became president on March 11, 1973.

What measures did Cámpora implement to open the system in 1973?

Release of political prisoners, return of exiles, and greater involvement of popular and youth organizations.

What happened at the Ezeiza Massacre on June 20, 1973?

A violent clash between right-wing unionists and left Peronists at Ezeiza airport, resulting in dozens of deaths and fracturing the Peronist movement.

What happened after Cámpora’s resignation in 1973?

Perón returned to Argentina; new elections were pursued with Perón involved again; slogan “Cámpora al gobierno, Perón al poder.”

When was Perón finally elected president and who was his vice president?

September 1973; Perón became president with his wife, Isabel Martínez de Perón (Isabelita), as vice president.

What was the Pacto Social and who designed it?

An agreement designed by José Ber Gelbard between the CGT and CGE to freeze prices and wages, promote production, and curb inflation.

What was the impact of the 1973 oil crisis on Argentina?

The oil crisis worsened inflation and economic tensions, undermining the Pacto Social and domestic stability.

What caused the rupture between Perón and Montoneros in 1974?

Perón publicly criticized Montoneros on May 1, 1974, pushing the group toward clandestinity and contributing to a split within the movement.

What happened after Perón’s death in 1974 and who led the state apparatus?

Perón died on July 1, 1974; Isabel Martínez de Perón (Isabelita) became president, with José López Rega leading the Triple A (ultra-right para-policial group).

What was the Triple A and who led it?

Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, a ultraderecha para-policial group led by José López Rega and aligned with the Peronist government.

What was the Rodrigazo of 1975?

A brutal economic adjustment by Celestino Rodrigo: devaluation, tariff increases, higher fuel prices, and wage declines, causing a major social crisis.

How did Guerrilla activity and state violence evolve toward 1976?

Montoneros and ERP escalated attacks and kidnappings; the state responded with repression and paramilitary violence, culminating in the March 24, 1976 military coup.

When did the coup that started the subsequent dictatorship occur and what is it commonly called?

March 24, 1976; the start of the most violent dictatorship in Argentina’s history known as the Dirty War period.