Chapter 2 - Build and Blood Pressure

the field of medicine involved in the study of overweight and obesity

bariatrics

(ch.2)

a complex bariatric surgery that combines restrictive and malabsorptive techniques by creating a small stomach pouch (similar to a sleeve gastrectomy) which connects to the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum, allowing food and digestive juices to connect again in the ileum.

Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)

(ch.2)

a measure of the interaction between the pressure required to move blood through the blood vessels. BP values are given in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

blood pressure (BP)

(ch.2)

a measure body fat based on height and weight, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

body mass index (BMI)

(ch.2)

blood pressure readings in the high range of normal

borderline hypertension

(ch.2)

the physical makeup of the body, specifically height and weight, often measured by body mass index (BMI).

build

(ch.2)

the relaxation phase of the heartbeat

diastole

(ch.2)

the minimum pressure occurring at the end of diastole, the relaxation phase of the heartbeat

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

(ch.2)

a specialized test in which an examiner uses an ophthalmoscope to examine the small blood vessels at the back of the eye, which gives information about the duration and severity of hypertension.

fundoscopic exam

(ch.2)

high blood pressure, defined as a sustained elevation in systolic BP above 140 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or in diastolic BP above 90 mmHg.

hypertension

(ch.2)

low blood pressure, defined as a sitting position systolic blood pressure reading of 90 mmHg or lower that causes symptoms.

hypotension

(ch.2)

a temporary, minimally invasive weight loss procedure involving the placement of a saline-filled balloon inside the stomach.

intragastric balloon (IGB)

(ch.2)

an obsolete bariatric surgical procedure in which the jejunum is surgically connected to the terminal ileum, bypassing a large section of the small intestine.

Jejunoileal bypass (JIB)

(ch.2)

a type of restrictive bariatric surgical procedure in which a tight, adjustable prosthetic band is placed around the entrance to the stomach to restrict food intake and promote weight loss.

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB, AGB)

(ch.2)

severe obesity defined as BMI 40 and above or as many as 100 pounds overweight

morbid obesity

(ch.2)

excess body fat defined as BMI above 30

obesity

(ch.2)

a type of bariatric surgery (also called a mini-gastric bypass) in which a narrow gastric pouch is created and is anastomosed to a loop of the jejunum, bypassing the proximal small intestine. Similar to SADI-S but OAGB creates a smaller bypass and reconnects further down the small intestine.

One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB)

(ch.2)

a drop in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg or a drop in diastolic BP of 10 mmHg or more upon standing from a supine (lying) position.

orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension)

(ch.2)

excess body weight defined as BMI between 25 and 29.9

overweight

(ch.2)

hypertension with no identifiable cause. It accounts for 95% of hypertension and is also known as essential or idiopathic hypertension.

primary hypertension

(ch.2)

inaccurately high blood pressure readings in the elderly due to stiff, calcified arteries or in the obese due to a BP cuff that is too small

pseudo-hypertension

(ch.2)

the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure

pulse pressure (PP)

(ch.2)

inadequate blood pressure control despite the use of three or more anti-hypertensive drugs.

resistant hypertension

(ch.2)

A type of bariatric surgery that involves creating a small stomach pouch to which a Y-shaped section of the small intestine is attached, connecting it directly to the small intestine; causing food to bypass the lower stomach, duodenum, and first part of jejunum.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)

(ch.2)

hypertension due to an underlying disease or an external cause

secondary hypertension

(ch.2)

a specialized bariatric surgery that combines a sleeve gastrectomy with a duodenoileal bypass similar to the biliopancreatic diversion but with only one anastomosis connecting the stomach pouch and duodenum to the small bowel.

Single anastomosis duodenoileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S)

(ch.2)

a type of laparoscopic weight-loss surgery in which a large portion of the stomach is removed, leaving a smaller, sleeve-shaped stomach.

sleeve gastrectomy (SG)

(ch.2)

the period of contraction of the heart

systole

(ch.2)

the maximum pressure achieved during systole, the period of contraction of the heart, especially in the ventricles

systolic blood pressure (SBP)

(ch.2)

systolic blood pressure readings over 140 with diastolic readings less than 90. More common over age 50

systolic hypertension

(ch.2)

defined as being consistently 5-10% below the lower limit of normal range, or a BMI of less than or equal to 18.5

underweight

(ch.2)

an obsolete bariatric surgical procedure using both a band and staples to create a small stomach pouch and narrowing the outlet, leading to a feeling of fullness after eating smaller portions.

Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG)

(ch.2)

high blood pressure readings in the physician's office with normal readings in other settings, also called labile hypertension

white coat hypertension

(ch.2)