Chapter 15- the Jazz age

when did the jazz age occur?

1919-1929

what did the US try to do after the war?

attempt to return to isolationism- they would have a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs
-ignore diplomatic commitments
-ignore foreign radical ideas

what was going on within the US?

-economic recession (getting worse)
-influx of immigrants
-racial/cultural tensions increase

where were the new immigrants mostly from?

South and East Europe

how were immigrants seen as threats?

-to stability and order
-to returning soldiers who need jobs in an economy with rising prices and unemployment

what do these threats lead to?

rise in racism and nativism

nativism

a preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigration

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

2 Italian, Anarchist immigrants accused of murdering an officer. Both prosecuted with tenuous evidence, other than the fact that they were anarchists and were executed.

eugenics

a pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others

who was "superior" in America?

WASPs- White, Anglo-Saxan, Protestants

what did eugenics lead to?

strict immigration control

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 to find economic opportunities

KKK

-blamed immigrants for nation's troubles
-attacked blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, etc. (anyone who wasn't a WASP)
-used threats and violence to threaten those people (aka undesirables)
-influence declines in late 20s bc of scandals and leadership problems
-they had a lot of political influence bc of how big the organization was

Emergency Quota Act

1921 Act that stipulates only 3% of each ethnic group of 1910 US immigrants are allowed in
-restricted amt of immigrants

who did the emergency quota act strongly discriminate against?

Southern and Eastern Europeans

National Origins Act of 1924

quota at 2% (1890 census), so larger amts of people from North and West Europe were allowed
-N&W Europeans=87% of quota
-total annual immigration 150,000

Who was excluded in the National Origins act?

Mexicans (and all Japanese on the ppt?)

why did Hispanic immigrants come to the US

-lack of labor meant rise in mexican immigration
-70k come to US after Mexican revolution

what allowed the Hispanic immigrants to come into the country?

-the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 allowed Mexican immigrants to come into the country (for irrigation jobs)
-national origins act of 1924- Western Hemisphere natives exempted from quota system

new morality

came forth during the 1920s, turning people away from traditional values. Glorified weath and personal freedom.

flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion. They were sort of rebellious to the traditional morals.
-more social freedom
-more women attended college
-now earned wages
-drank
style: short skirts, powdery makeup, short hair, smoked, danced

Fundamentalists Movement

supporters of traditional values, they thought there was a moral decline in American society (consumer culture, relaxed ethics, and increased urbanization)

what did Fundamentalists believe in?

the Bible should be taken literally, and they supported creationism, that God created them, and not evolution

Scopes Monkey Trial

John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution to his biology class

what was the result of the Scopes Monkey Trial?

fundamentalists further isolated from mainstream Protestantism

why did the prohibition of alc (18th amendment) seem like a good idea?

avoid unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty

Volstead act

enforces the prohibition and increased the federal governments powers (previously was left to the states)

what were the actual outcomes of the prohibition?

-rise in organized crime: bootlegging, smuggling, speakeasies (illegal bars)

Al Capone

a gangster that made a lot of money off of bootlegging and speakeasies in Chicago. gangsters corrupted public officials

what repealed the prohibition?

21st amendment

where was there art and literature innovations in NYC?

Greenwich Village

where were there art and literature innovations in Chicago?

South Side

Bohemian lifestyle

Artistic and unconventional lifestyle that became popular with artists of the 1920's.

Carl Sandburg

glorified Midwest and expansive nature of American life

Vincent Mallay

praised women's freedom and equality

Eugene O'Neill

playwright that portrayed realistic characters and situations

Ernest Hemmingway

wrote abt disillusionment and reevaluated myths abt American heroes- result of his WWI experience as an ambulance driver

F. Scott Fitzgerald

exposed the emptiness and superficiality of modern society in The Great Gatbsy

what did economic prosperity allow

americans had more leisure time and more money, allowing them to be able to enjoy various forms of entertainment and pop culture

what increased sport popularity?

media coverage (motion pictures, radios newspapers, magazines)

Babe Ruth

world famous baseball player, aka the Bambino

Jack Dempsey

boxer

Gertude Ederle

swam the English Channel in record time

silent movies

the first movies; they had no sound, audiences followed the plot by reading subtitles; a pianist played music that went with the action to set the tone

what movie started the golden age of Hollywood?

The Jazz Singer in 1927, bc it was a motion picture with sound

KDKA Pittsburgh

a popular radio show w/ one of the first commercial radio broadcasts, with the election results of the 1920 Presidential Election of Harding's landslide victory

significance of 1920s mass media

1. broke patterns of provincialism (having narrow-minded stereotypes of places?)
2. unified Americans through a shared national culture
3. spread new ideas and attitudes of the times

Where was the heart of the Harlem Renaissance?

in the NYC neighborhood- Harlem

what was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?

it was a culture movement:
-stimulated artistic development
-racial pride for black community
-political organization and influence- black ppl started to have a voice

Claude McKay

Harlem Renaissance writer who showed the struggles of ordinary African Americans

Langston Hughes

examined the place of blacks in a white world. many of his poems had a hopeful message

how did the music business grow?

bc of radios and phonographs

what was the most important musical development of the 1920s?

jazz

jazz

american style of music that developed from ragtime and blues and used syncopated rhythms and melodies, originated in New Orleans

Louis Armstrong

1st great coronet and trumpet soloist in jazz music, known for his improv. from new Orleans and introduced jazz to the north

Duke Ellington

bandleader who created his own sound of improv and orchestra using diff combos of instruments

cotton club

one of the most famous Harlem nightspots where many black American artists for their starts

Bessie Smith

empress of the blues

Big Band

a quieter jazz that appealed to white audiences for dancing

how did the Harlem Renaissance influence politics?

brought international fame to many black Americans and sparked a political transformation in the US

how did the Great Migration influence politics?

increased political powers of black Americans because there were thousands of them that were now voters in the North

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

battled discrimination and segregation through the legal system in the courts
-efforts to pass anti-lynching legislation
-evident of power when they stopped Judge John Parker's nomination to Supreme Court

What did Marcus Garvey glorify?

Black culture and traditions of the past.

What organization did Marcus Garvey found?

The UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association).

What was Marcus Garvey's belief about black empowerment?

Blacks could gain economic and political power by educating themselves.

What movement did Marcus Garvey start when he realized self-education was not enough?

The 'Back to Africa' movement.

Why was Marcus Garvey jailed?

He misused the money for the Africa movement.

What happened to Marcus Garvey after he was jailed?

He was deported to Jamaica and the organization collapsed.