Semester 2 Exam-Advanced Biology

A-band

myosin, think/dark

I-band

actin, thin/light

acetylcholinsterase

muscle relaxation

myogram: fall in spike

relaxation period

myogram: gap between spikes

latent period

hypertrophy

increased muscle growth

atrophy

degeneration of muscle cells

agonist

main muscle that contracts to produce movement at a joint

agonist muscle during bicep curl

biceps brachii

synergist

assists agonists in movent

synergist in bicep curl

brachialis

antagonist

muscle that relaxes in order for agonist to contract

antagonist in a bicep curl

triceps brachii

perimysium

surrounds each fascicle

epimysium

surrounds all skeletal muscle tissue

endomysium

surrounds each muscle fiber

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter that initiates contraction

creatine phosphate

high-energy storage molecule that replenishes ATP

sarcoplasmic reticulum

organelle needed for ion regulation

myogram: duration of a spike

muscle twitch

the pancreas releases enzymes to chemically digest

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

carbohydrates are chemically digested in the

mouth and small intestine

fats are chemically digested in the

small intestine

least dense energy macromolecule

fiber

shortest part of the small intestine

duodenum

the liver releases glycogen when

blood sugar drops

undernourishment

prolonged amount of time without supplying needed chemical energy

Nucleic acid is chemically digested in the

small intestine

the most energy dense macromolecule

lipid

excess ATP and glucose produce

glycogen

malnourishment

prolonged amount of time without an essential nutrient

order of the parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ilium

what neutralizes chyme

bicarbonate

primary function of the intercellular matrix

storage of minerals and structural support of long bones

type of joint found within wrist between carpals

planar (gliding)

type of joint that lies between skull bones with little to no motion

fibrous

primary function of yellow bone marrow

storage of fat

bones that create the crest of the pelvis

ilium

L-shaped bone on the posterior end of the pelvis

ischium

2 bones that join at the midline of the pelvis

pubis

growth plates

epiphyseal discs

type of joint that allows for radial/ulnar supination and pronation

pivot joint

type of joint that lies between vertebrae as a shock absorber

cartilaginous

longer of the two forearm bones

ulna

type of joint located between forearm bones and carpals that allow wrist motion

condyloid

negative feedback

crucial to maintaining homeostasis by counteracting initial changes

positive feedback

amplify the change and can lead to a non-homeostatic state

endocrine glandular epithelial tissue

tissue type with a primary function of secreting hormones for signaling purposes

regulator

organism that is capable of using metabolic energy to moderate internal thermodynamic conditions

tissue type with a primary function of absorption in the small intestine e

simple columnar epithelial

what tissue is responsible for responding to nervous signals

muscular

2 body systems responsible for coordination of body activities

endocrine and nervous

body system responsible for locomotion

muscular

tissue that contains collagen and elastic fibers and fills body space

loose connective

fibrocartilage

tissue that allows for shock absorption

an ectotherm will traditionally have a ___ need for caloric nutrients for an endotherm

lower

when fully saturated, a molecule of hemoglobin can transport __ molecules of oxygen

4

An ___ will have the greatest velocity of blood flow

artery

The ___ is responsible for receiving blood

atrium

How many chambers in an amphibian heart

3

An ___ will have the highest pressure

artery

mature erythrocytes

lack nuclei

animals that lack a true circulatory system have a

gastrovascular cavity

Lub=

ventricular contraction

Dub=

atrial contraction

how many chambers in a bird or crocodilian heart

4

a capillary will lack

a layer of smooth muscle tissue

what uses a tracheal system as a method of ventilation

grasshoppers

mammals, crocodilians, and bird hearts receive deoxygenated blood through the ____ side

left

order of mammalian circulation

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

what chamber is responsible for distributing blood

ventricle

semilunar valves prevent backflow between

the ventricle and artery

how many chambers needed for double circulation

3

homeostatic pH range

7.35-7.45

a ___ will have valves to prevent backflow

vein

vasoconstriction ___ blood pressure

increases

vasodialtion ___ blood pressure

decreases

hemolymph is found in

an open system

capillaries exchange material directly with

interstitial fluid

A vein will have the ___ pressure

lowest