A/P Chapter 16

Digestive System

What does orally mean

Towards the mouth

What does aborally mean

away from the mouth

What does emesis mean

vomiting

What does Enter- mean

related to the intestine

What does Gast mean

related to the stomach

The glucose storage molecule is known as ____________

Glycogen

Forming glycogen molecules is known as _____________

glycogenesis

The breaking down glycogen into glucose is known as ____________

Glycogenolysis

The creating of glucose from lipid or protein molecules is known as ____________

Gluconeogenesis

Carnivores and Omnivores have what kind of stomach

simple stomach

A herbivore can have 1 of what 2 stomaches

Ruminants or hind gut fermenters

What are the 2 types of digestion

Mechanical and Chemical

This type of digestion is when the GI tract moves

Mechanical digestion

This type of digestion is when chemical reactions break bonds holding the molecules together

Chemical digestion

What are the 4 layers to the walls of the GI tract

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular Layer, Serosa

What type of epithelium is located in the mouth

Stratified squamous

Every other part of the GI tract except the mouth is made of what type of epithelium

simple columnar

The lamina propria is made of what kind of tissue

Loose areolar connective tissue

What is the submucosa of the GI tract made of

Dense connective tissue

What 2 layers are made of the muscular layer in the GI tract

Circular and Longitudinal

What are the parts to the serosa structure of the GI tract

Visceral Peritoneum, Adventitia

What are the 2 regulations of GI function

Extrinsic Control, Intrinsic Control

How is the Extrinsic Control of the GI tract described

Central Nervous and endocrine systems controlling GI Tract

How does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate the GI tract function

Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve 10)

How does the sympathetic nervous system antagonize the GI tract

Splanchnic Nerves

How is the intrinsic control of the GI tract described

Enteric Nervous System and paracrine system; doing their own thing

What 2 plexus make up the intrinsic control

Submucosal plexus, Myenteric plexus

What inhibits gastric emptying

Cholecystokinin

What stimulates gastric motility

Gastrin

The lips are responsible for what

Prehension

What are the teeth responsible for

Mastication

In relation to teeth, what does mesial mean

towards the midline

What does buccal/labial mean

facing the cheek/lips

What does lingual/palatal mean

Facing the tongue or palate

Relating to the teeth, what does occlusal mean

Chewing surface

In tooth structure, what does alveolus mean

Jaw socket

What are the 3 parts to the tooth

Root, Neck, Crown

What makes up the root of the tooth

Blood/Nerve supply, cementum

Where is the cementoenamel junction located

Neck

Where is the enamel located

Crown

This is a million of tiny ligaments that hold the root of the tooth in the alveolus

Periodontal ligament

What surrounds the neck of the tooth

Gingiva

Where do you floss

Gingival sulcus

Enamel is located ________ the gumline while cementum is located _________ the gumline

above, below

The pulp cavity contains what 2 things

Blood and nervous supply

What animals have brachydont teeth

cats, dogs, pigs, rats, ruminant incisors

What does hypsodont teeth mean

Grow throughout life (horses, lagomorphs, hamsters)

This type of teeth are smaller and present at birth bur erupt at different times. They can be used to determine age of animals and are pushed out with eruption of adult dentition

Deciduous Teeth

Teeth that have different shapes and sizes within the mammalian mouth are known as _____________

heterodont

A dental pad is only in what animals

Ruminants

_____________ are used to cut, while ________ are used for shearing and _____________ are used for grinding

Incisors, Premolars, Molars

What is the canine dental formula

3142/3143

What is the feline dental formula

3131/3121

What is the equine dental formula

3143/3143

What is the ruminant dental formula

0033/3133

What types of muscles does the tongue have

extrinsic, intrinsic

What type of epithelium makes up the tongue

stratified squamous epithelium

Papillae in the tongue is used for what

Taste buds, grooming

The tongue is used for what sensory

gustatory, pain, temperature, touch

What animal uses the tongue for thermoregulation

Dog

How are salivary glands connected to the oral cavity

salivary glands

What makes up salivary glands

Water, amylase, IgA, lysozyme

What are the 3 functions to salivary glands

Lubrication, pH regulation, Immune Defense

What 4 salivary glands are located on the head

Parotid, Zygomatic, Sublingual, Mandibular

The temporomandibular joint is responsible for what 3 things

Extension, Flexion, (of the mouth) Translation

Translation is the lateral and rostral movement (making a circle) and is greatest in what animals

Cows

Bolus of ingesta enters this space when leaving the oral cavity

Pharynx

This connects to the middle ear and normalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

Eustachian tube

This protects airway from aspiration

Epiglottis

This a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It does not perform digestion and is dorsal to the trachea initially then moves to the left

Esophagus

Where does the esophagus end

cardiac sphincter

What is the 5 processes in digestion in the oral cavity and pharynx

Prehension, Mastication, Salivation, Deglutition, Peristalsis

This is the act of brining food into the oral cavity

prehension

This is the act of chewing

Mastication

This is the parasympathetic control predominates

Salivation

This is swallowing, bolus transported from the oral cavity into the esophagus

deglutition

Where does peristalsis being

Esophagus

Which layer of the mesothelium is the same as the serosa layer

visceral peritoneum

The mesentery makes up what peritoneum

Connecting

What ligament is in the abdominal cavity

duodenocolic ligament

What are the 3 functions of the stomach

storage, chemical digestion,

__________ enters the stomach while ______________ leaves the stomach

Bolus, Chyme

Common features of the stomach are

Celiac artery, portal vein, rugae, mucosa

The 3 functions of the glandular regions

Cardia, Fundus, Pylorus

This is only found in the horse and divides the glandular and non-glandular regions

Margo Plicatus

The glandular mucosa has what 4 cells in the monogastric stomach

Mucous neck cells, Parietal Cells, Chief Cells, G Cells

Which monogastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid

Parietal cells

What monogastric cells secrete pepsinogen to aid in protein digestion

Chief cells

These monogastric cells are in the pylorus only and release gastrin into the blood stream and promote HCl release

G cells

Why are pro enzymes needed

Prevent auto-digestion

Another word for proenzymes

Zymogens

True/False zymogens need to be activated to become functional

True

Released contents into the small intestines at a slow and controlled rate is known as

Motility

True/False the fundus is stronger than the pylorus

False

This is the food bolus undergoing several cycles of churning until it leaves through the pyloric sphincter as chyme

Retropulsion

Hydrolysis is used a chemical digestion in what stomach animals

Monogastric

This macronutrient is made up of monosaccharides, carbon ring, and is amylase

Carbohydrates

This macronutrients is made up of amino acids, carboxyl groups, amino groups, side chains and is pepsin

Proteins

This macronutrient is made up if triglycerides, glycerol and 3 fatty acids and is absorbed through GI lymphatics

Lipids