Units 7-9 Key Concepts Quiz Review

The older, land-based empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. Some of these changes eventually led to communist revolution.

fall of the Ottoman Empire

fall of the Qing Dynasty

Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution

States around the world challenged the existing political and social order that arose as a result of political crisis.

Mexican Revolution

Imperialist expansion, competition for resources, territorial and regional conflicts combined with a flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.

causes of World War 1

Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war.

total war

Led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

new military technology of World War I

Following World War I, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

The Great Depression

FDR’s New Deal

Benito Mussolini and Italy’s fascist corporatist economy

Governments controlled the national economy through implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

Joseph Stalin and the USSR’s Five-Year Plans

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained gained additional territories through treaty settlement.

Treaty of Versailles

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement.

League of Nations’ mandate system

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest.

Manchukuo and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Western imperial state faced anti-imperial resistance between the two world wars as it maintained control over its colonial holdings.

Indian National Congress

West African resistance to French and British rule

Unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

causes of World War II

The fascist regime of Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany, resulted in aggressive militarism, which was one of the causes of World War II during the 1930s.

totalitarianism (including key differences between fascist and communist versions)

Aggressive militarism that proved to be a cause of World War II in the 1930s.

Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany

Munich Conference and policy of appeasement

World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state’s resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.

Winston Churchill and Britain’s mobilization for war

FDR’s Lend-Lease program

Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II

Axis and Allied Powers

The atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of “total war” led to increased levels of wartime casualties.

new military technology of World War II

The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.

Holocaust

Armenian massacres

Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge

genocide in Rwanda

Fueled by rapid advances in science and technology that altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world, which led some peoples to challenge the existing political and social order in varying ways during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s.

the “age of anxiety”

Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power and led ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism.

United Nations

The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.

Cold War

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift and Berlin Wall

Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.

Nonaligned Movement

The Cold War produced new military alliances and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Warsaw Pact

containment and “domino theory”

nuclear arms race

Korean War

Cuban Missile Crisis

Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power.

Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Revolution

In communist China, the government controlled the national economy and often implemented repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s Cultural Revolution

Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia

White Revolution in Iran

After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence.

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (British Gold Coast)

India from the British Empire

Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.

Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt

India from the British Empire

Vietnam War

After the end of World War II, some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle.

Algeria from the French Empire

Vietnam War

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.

Muslim League in British India

Québécois separatist movement in Canada

The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.

Partition of India

Israel

The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements.

Partition of India

Israel

In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.

Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania

Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka

The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

South Asians to Britain

Filipinos to the United States

Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.

Mohandas Gandhi

Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.

Chile under Augusto Pinochet

Uganda under Idi Amin

military-industrial complex

Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims.

Al-Qaeda

Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative

Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979-1989)

Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost and perestroika

Radio communication, cellular communication, the internet, air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.

20th-century communication technologies

20th-century transportation technologies

The use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.

20th-century energy technologies

More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

the Pill

Commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.

The Green Revolution

Vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.

20th-century medical innovations

Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.

diseases associated with poverty: 1) malaria 2) tuberculosis 3) cholera

emergent epidemic diseases: 1) 1918 influenza pandemic 2) Ebola 3) HIV/AIDS

diseases due to increased longevity: 1) heart disease 2) Alzheimer’s disease

As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before. The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.

the environmental movement

In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century.

Britain under Margaret Thatcher

China under Deng Xiaoping

Chile under Augusto Pinochet

In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.

knowledge economies: 1) U.S. 2) Finland

production and manufacturing economies: 1) Mexico 2) Vietnam

Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Nestlé

Nissan

Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.

U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

feminist movement

liberation theology in Latin America

In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.

feminist movement

U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964

the end of apartheid in South Africa

caste reservation in India

Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.

Greenpeace

World Fair Trade Organization

Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global. Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.

globalization

rock ‘n’ roll

Bollywood

social media

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Olympic Games

World Cup soccer

Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.

online commerce: 1) Amazon 2) Alibaba 3) eBay

global brands: 1) Apple 2) Toyota 3) Louis Vuitton

Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.

activism against the IMF and World Bank

Weibo

New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.

UNESCO

World Health Organization