Chapter 9: Lifespan Development

developed and refined a theory describing four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

Diana Baumrind

Discontinuous

________: development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages.

Ainsworth

________ identified three types of parent- child attachments: secure, avoidant, and resistant.

Newborn infants sensory abilities

________ are significant, but their senses are not yet fully developed.

Researcher Harry Harlow

________ conducted a series of experiments on monkeys and concluded that there was more to the mother- child bond than nourishment.

Sigmund Freud

________ believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults.

Fingers

________ and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible.

Concrete operational

________: occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies.

Conception

________: when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote.

Teratogen

________: any environmental agent- biological, chemical, or physical- that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

Elizabeth Kübler Ross

________ proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Secure base

________: a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

Infants

________: shake their head "no "and respond to verbal requests to do things.

Positive relationships

________ with significant others in our adult years have been found to contribute to a state of well- being.

Erikson

________ proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan and how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity.

Object permanence

________: the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.

Mitosis

________: when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one- cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on.

zygote

The ________ travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus, and is now known as an embryo.

Cognitive empathy

________ begins to increase in adolescence and is an important component of social problem solving and conflict avoidance.

legal document

Living will or advance directive: a written ________ that details specific interventions a person wants.

Piaget

________ said that children develop schemata to help them understand the world.

Developmental milestones

________: specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)

care proxy

Health ________: appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself.

Stranger anxiety

________: a fear of unfamiliar people.

Sensorimotor

________: lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior.

Menarche

________: the beginning of menstrual periods.

Adolescence

________: the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood.

Reversibility

________: objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.

Assimilation

________: when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.

Erik Erikson

________, a stage theorist, took Freuds theory and modified it to psychosocial theory.

Socioemotional selectivity theory

________: our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years.

Jean Piaget

________ is a stage theorist who studied childhood development and focused on childrens cognitive growth.

Adulthood

________ begins around 20 years old and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late.

Feelings of comfort

________ and security are the critical components to maternal- infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial development.

Resuscitate

Do Not ________ (DNR) Order: states that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel are NOT to take steps to revive or ________ the patient.

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg

________ believed that moral development follows a series of stages.

Postformal thinkers

________ are able to draw on past experiences to help them solve new problems.

Teen thinking

________ is also characterized by the ability to consider multiple points of view, imagine hypothetical situations, debate ideas and opinions, and form new ideas.

Attachment

________: a long- standing connection or bond with others.

psychosocial theory

According to ________, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.

Spermarche

________: the first ejaculation.

Accommodation

________: when they change their schemata based on new information.

Temperament

________: innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

Researcher John Bowlby

________ developed the concept of attachment theory.

Conservation

________: the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

Placenta

________: a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Pre conventional morality

________: before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self- interest, and rewards.

Self concept

________ is re- evaluated in Eriksons adolescence stage, as teens form an identity.

Prenatal care

________: medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.

neural tube forms

The ________ along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain.

Physical development

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

Cognitive development

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Psychosocial development

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

Normative approach

asks, "What is normal development?"

Developmental milestones

specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)

Continuous development

views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

According to Freud, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development

Psychosocial development theory

emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature

Infancy (birth to 12 months)

resolve the task trust versus mistrust

Toddlers (ages 1-3 years)

to resolve the issue of autonomy versus shame and doubt, by working to establish independence

Preschool stage (ages 3-6 years)

resolve the task of initiative versus guilt

Elementary school stage (ages 6-12)

resolve the task of industry versus inferiority

Adolescence (ages 12-18)

resolve the task of identity versus role confusion

Early adulthood (i.e., 20s through early 40s)

resolve intimacy versus isolation

Middle adulthood (40s to mid-60s)

resolve generativity versus stagnation

Late adulthood (mid-60s to the end of life)

resolve integrity versus despair

assimilation and accommodation

When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes

Assimilation

when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know

Accommodation

when they change their schemata based on new information

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that unfolds in four stages

Sensorimotor

lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior

Object permanence

the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

Stranger anxiety

a fear of unfamiliar people

Preoperational

approximately 2 to 7 years old; children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play

Conservation

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Egocentrism

the child is not able to take the perspective of others

Concrete operational

occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies

Reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

Formal operational

age 11 to adulthood; children can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Postformal thinking

decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts

Once we reach adulthood our problem solving abilities change

we tend to think more deeply about many areas of our lives, such as relationships, work, and politics

Pre-conventional morality

before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self-interest, and rewards

Conventional morality

early adolescence; behavior driven by social approval, obeying authority, and conforming to social order

Post-conventional morality

behavior driven by balance of social order, individual rights, and internal moral principles

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

There are three stages of prenatal development

Conception

when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Mitosis

when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on

Placenta

a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

Fetus

When the organism is about nine weeks old

Prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy

Teratogen

any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Newborn reflexes

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation

Blooming

the nervous system grows and develops rapidly during infancy and toddlerhood

Motor skills

our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

Fine motor skills

the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

Gross motor skills

large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements

Infants

shake their head "no" and respond to verbal requests to do things

Toddlers

mastered object permanence

Preschool-age

they can count, name colors, and tell you their name and age, and make some decisions on their own; they understand basic time concepts and sequencing can predict what will happen next in a story; they develop theory-of-mind

Theory-of-mind

to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own