Studied by 5 peopledeveloped and refined a theory describing four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.
Diana Baumrind
Discontinuous
________: development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages.
Ainsworth
________ identified three types of parent- child attachments: secure, avoidant, and resistant.
Newborn infants sensory abilities
________ are significant, but their senses are not yet fully developed.
Researcher Harry Harlow
________ conducted a series of experiments on monkeys and concluded that there was more to the mother- child bond than nourishment.
Sigmund Freud
________ believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults.
Fingers
________ and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible.
Concrete operational
________: occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies.
Conception
________: when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote.
Teratogen
________: any environmental agent- biological, chemical, or physical- that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
Elizabeth Kübler Ross
________ proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Secure base
________: a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.
Infants
________: shake their head "no "and respond to verbal requests to do things.
Positive relationships
________ with significant others in our adult years have been found to contribute to a state of well- being.
Erikson
________ proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan and how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity.
Object permanence
________: the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.
Mitosis
________: when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one- cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on.
zygote
The ________ travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus, and is now known as an embryo.
Cognitive empathy
________ begins to increase in adolescence and is an important component of social problem solving and conflict avoidance.
legal document
Living will or advance directive: a written ________ that details specific interventions a person wants.
Piaget
________ said that children develop schemata to help them understand the world.
Developmental milestones
________: specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)
care proxy
Health ________: appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself.
Stranger anxiety
________: a fear of unfamiliar people.
Sensorimotor
________: lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior.
Menarche
________: the beginning of menstrual periods.
Adolescence
________: the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood.
Reversibility
________: objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.
Assimilation
________: when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.
Erik Erikson
________, a stage theorist, took Freuds theory and modified it to psychosocial theory.
Socioemotional selectivity theory
________: our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years.
Jean Piaget
________ is a stage theorist who studied childhood development and focused on childrens cognitive growth.
Adulthood
________ begins around 20 years old and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late.
Feelings of comfort
________ and security are the critical components to maternal- infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial development.
Resuscitate
Do Not ________ (DNR) Order: states that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel are NOT to take steps to revive or ________ the patient.
Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg
________ believed that moral development follows a series of stages.
Postformal thinkers
________ are able to draw on past experiences to help them solve new problems.
Teen thinking
________ is also characterized by the ability to consider multiple points of view, imagine hypothetical situations, debate ideas and opinions, and form new ideas.
Attachment
________: a long- standing connection or bond with others.
psychosocial theory
According to ________, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.
Spermarche
________: the first ejaculation.
Accommodation
________: when they change their schemata based on new information.
Temperament
________: innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.
Researcher John Bowlby
________ developed the concept of attachment theory.
Conservation
________: the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.
Placenta
________: a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
Pre conventional morality
________: before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self- interest, and rewards.
Self concept
________ is re- evaluated in Eriksons adolescence stage, as teens form an identity.
Prenatal care
________: medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.
neural tube forms
The ________ along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain.
Physical development
involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Cognitive development
involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial development
involves emotions, personality, and social relationships
Normative approach
asks, "What is normal development?"
Developmental milestones
specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)
Continuous development
views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
According to Freud, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development
Psychosocial development theory
emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature
Infancy (birth to 12 months)
resolve the task trust versus mistrust
Toddlers (ages 1-3 years)
to resolve the issue of autonomy versus shame and doubt, by working to establish independence
Preschool stage (ages 3-6 years)
resolve the task of initiative versus guilt
Elementary school stage (ages 6-12)
resolve the task of industry versus inferiority
Adolescence (ages 12-18)
resolve the task of identity versus role confusion
Early adulthood (i.e., 20s through early 40s)
resolve intimacy versus isolation
Middle adulthood (40s to mid-60s)
resolve generativity versus stagnation
Late adulthood (mid-60s to the end of life)
resolve integrity versus despair
assimilation and accommodation
When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes
Assimilation
when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know
Accommodation
when they change their schemata based on new information
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that unfolds in four stages
Sensorimotor
lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior
Object permanence
the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
Stranger anxiety
a fear of unfamiliar people
Preoperational
approximately 2 to 7 years old; children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play
Conservation
the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
Egocentrism
the child is not able to take the perspective of others
Concrete operational
occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies
Reversibility
objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition
Formal operational
age 11 to adulthood; children can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Postformal thinking
decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts
Once we reach adulthood our problem solving abilities change
we tend to think more deeply about many areas of our lives, such as relationships, work, and politics
Pre-conventional morality
before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self-interest, and rewards
Conventional morality
early adolescence; behavior driven by social approval, obeying authority, and conforming to social order
Post-conventional morality
behavior driven by balance of social order, individual rights, and internal moral principles
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
There are three stages of prenatal development
Conception
when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
Mitosis
when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on
Placenta
a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
Fetus
When the organism is about nine weeks old
Prenatal care
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy
Teratogen
any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Newborn reflexes
inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation
Blooming
the nervous system grows and develops rapidly during infancy and toddlerhood
Motor skills
our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
Fine motor skills
the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
Gross motor skills
large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements
Infants
shake their head "no" and respond to verbal requests to do things
Toddlers
mastered object permanence
Preschool-age
they can count, name colors, and tell you their name and age, and make some decisions on their own; they understand basic time concepts and sequencing can predict what will happen next in a story; they develop theory-of-mind
Theory-of-mind
to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own
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