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Anatomy
The study of body structures, including organs, tissues, and cells.
Gross Anatomy
The examination of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of tissues (histology) and cells (cytology) that cannot be seen without a microscope.
Physiology
The study of the functions and activities of life and the processes that occur within living organisms.
Homeostasis
The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Conformers
Organisms that have internal environments that change with external environments.
Regulators
Organisms that maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external changes.
Negative Feedback
A feedback mechanism that restores balance by reversing a change.
Positive Feedback
A feedback mechanism that amplifies a change within a system.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
Acute Changes
Immediate and short-term physiological responses to environmental changes.
Chronic Changes
Longer-term physiological adaptations that can occur over days to months due to environmental changes.
Evolutionary Changes
Permanent adaptations that occur over generations due to natural selection.
Phenotype
The observable traits of an organism influenced by both genetics and environmental conditions.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism that determines its inherited characteristics.
Phenomics
The study of how genetic variations translate into observable physical traits.
Circadian Rhythms
Cyclical physiological changes that govern sleep-wake cycles and seasonal breeding patterns in organisms.
Integration of Body Systems
Collaboration of different organ systems to ensure overall function and stability in the body.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Fluid found within cells, constituting a significant portion of body fluid.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid located outside cells, including interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid.
Thermoregulation
The process by which the body maintains its internal temperature within a narrow range.
What is Anatomy?
The study of body structures, including organs, tissues, and cells.
What is Physiology?
The investigation of functions and activities of life; studies physical and chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
What are the levels of organization in physiology?
Levels range from cellular to whole-body systems.
Key Principle in Anatomy & Physiology?
Structure determines function.
What are Conformers?
Organisms whose internal environment changes with the external environment (e.g., temperature in ectotherms).
What are Regulators?
Organisms that maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external changes (e.g., homeotherms).
What is Homeostasis?
The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is the Integration of Body Systems?
Collaboration of different organ systems to ensure overall function and stability.
What is Intracellular Fluid (ICF)?
Fluid found within cells.
What is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?
Fluid located outside cells, including interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
What are Feedback Loops?
Mechanisms that maintain internal stability.
What is Negative Feedback?
A feedback mechanism that restores balance by reversing a change.
What is an example of Negative Feedback?
Regulation of hormone levels, blood pressure regulation, and calcium homeostasis.
What is Positive Feedback?
A feedback mechanism that enhances or amplifies a process.
What is an example of Positive Feedback?
Childbirth, where oxytocin increases contractions.
What role does the Hypothalamus play in Thermoregulation?
Regulates body temperature through constricting or dilating blood vessels and altering sweating.
What are Acute Changes?
Immediate physiological responses to environmental changes.
What are Chronic Changes?
Longer-term adaptations that occur over days to months.
What constitutes Evolutionary Changes?
Permanent adaptations that occur over generations due to natural selection.
What are Developmental Changes?
Programmed changes from conception to adulthood.
What are Biological Clocks?
Cyclical physiological changes such as circadian rhythms and seasonal breeding patterns.
How does Structure relate to Function at a Molecular Level?
The shape of molecules determines their specific function.
What is Sickle-Cell Anemia?
A genetic condition where a mutation in hemoglobin causes crescent-shaped RBCs, affecting oxygen delivery.
What does the Stomach Wall consist of?
Epithelial cells, connective tissue, smooth muscle, and neurons.
What is the role of Thyroid Hormones?
Regulate metabolism and growth through autoregulation of iodine.
What are Membrane Potentials?
Electrical signals created by the difference in charge across cell membranes.
How is Blood Flow & Pressure regulated?
Governed by resistance in blood vessels and described by Poiseuille's Law.
What happens to Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) at High Altitudes?
PO2 decreases, affecting oxygen availability in the body.
How does the body respond to Hypoxia?
It increases RBC production via Erythropoietin (EPO).
What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?
Stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBCs when oxygen levels drop.
How do Physiological Adaptations relate to Evolution?
They help organisms survive in diverse environments through natural selection.
What is an example of shared ancestry in Evolution?
Related species exhibiting similar physiological features.
What is Phenotypic Plasticity?
The ability of an organism's phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions.
What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable traits influenced by genetics and environment.
What is Reversible Plasticity?
Acclimation and acclimatization involving temporary physiological changes.
What is Irreversible Plasticity?
Permanent changes such as polyphenism, like seasonal variations in butterfly wing colors.
What were the results of the heat acclimation study?
Increased endurance after one week of heat exposure with reversible adaptations.
What is a summary of Anatomy & Physiology study?
Explores structure and function, maintains homeostasis, and studies physiological adaptations.
How does Oxygen Transport relate to Erythropoiesis?
Essential for survival at high altitudes through increased RBC production.
How does Evolution shape Physiology?
Through natural selection and the adaptation of shared ancestral traits.
