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Democracy
Originally negative, evolved to freedom and civil governance, varies by context
Rule by the common people
Original meaning of democracy, feared by elites for disrupting hierarchies
Liberal societies
Primarily market-centered, shifted to democratic structures over time
Individualism and market economies
Transformed societal structures to contract-based, emphasizing personal choice
Electoral choices
Introduced in major political upheavals to make government more inclusive
Liberal democracy
Dual power system enforcing relations, often perpetuating inequalities
Subjectification
Foucault's concept of constructing individuals within discourses and power structures
Diffuse power
Operates through various discourses, practices, and institutions in society
Data-driven marketing
Utilizes data collection and targeted advertising to shape behaviors
Control societies
Manage individuals through continuous data collection and analysis
Biopower
State control of biological processes and populations
Panopticism
Constant surveillance leading to self-discipline and compliance
Normalizing power
Subtly regulates behavior and shapes norms without overt repression
Genealogical approach
Critical analysis of discourse surrounding rights and political efficacy
Radical feminists
Identify root cause of inequality and oppression of women in society
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
International treaty aiming to eliminate discrimination against women
CEDAW
Comprehensive international instrument addressing discrimination against women
Temporary special measures
Actions to accelerate gender equality, including maternity protection
Intersectional analysis
Tool recognizing diverse experiences of oppression based on race, class, etc.
Feminist legal theory
Critically analyzes gender equality, including liberal and radical perspectives
Trafficking in women
Illegal exploitation of women through prostitution and forced labor
Gender stereotypes
Socially constructed norms perpetuating inequalities and biases
Family education
Modifying social norms through educating families on gender equality
Discriminatory practices
Actions that unfairly treat individuals based on gender
Maternity protection
Measures safeguarding the rights and well-being of pregnant women
Gender neutrality assumption
Belief that laws and policies are gender-blind and apply equally to all genders
Systems of domination
Structures that perpetuate power imbalances and control in society
Human rights principles
Fundamental values like equality, freedom, dignity, and solidarity
Gender-based discrimination
Unfair treatment based on gender, limiting opportunities and rights
Intersectional nature of oppression
Understanding how various aspects intersect to compound discrimination
Liberal feminism
Focuses on gender equality but criticized for not addressing all aspects of discrimination
Critical feminist perspectives
Offer insights into limitations of liberal approaches to women's rights
Commodification of labor
Treating labor as a commodity, leading to exploitation and power imbalances
Class struggles
Conflicts between social classes, often rooted in economic disparities
Dialectical lens
Viewing concepts in terms of contradictions and opposing forces
Cultural imperialism
Promoting one culture's values and norms over others, often through power dynamics
Alienation of workers
Separation of workers from the products of their labor and societal connections
Post-structuralist perspective
Rethinking identities and truths as socially constructed and fluid
Binary oppositions
Concepts like male/female or heterosexual/homosexual that are seen as mutually exclusive
Normative understandings of sexuality
Common beliefs about sexual identities and behaviors in society
Heteronormativity
Assumption that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation
Queer Theory
Critical framework challenging normative views on sexuality and power dynamics
Oriental Form of Christianity
Adaptation respecting local beliefs, advocated by missionaries
Cultural Imposition
Forcing one's culture on another, avoided by missionaries
Hybrid Religious Practice
Combination of Christianity and local traditions
Presbyterian Approach
Aggressive and intrusive method of engaging locals
Anglican Approach
Accommodating and culturally sensitive method of engagement
Orientalism as Critique
Analyzing Western perceptions of the East
Cultural Imperialism
Promoting Western dominance through missionary work
Spiritual Transformation
Primary aim of missionary missions
Cultural Sensitivity vs. Cultural Superiority
Contrasts in how missions interact with local cultures
Textual Practice
Written records providing insights into historical attitudes
Discourse on Orientalism
Historical and cultural relationship between Europe and Asia
Perceived Fundamental Differences
Basis of Orientalism, East vs. West dichotomy
Power Dynamics in Orientalism
Involves domination and hegemony between Orient and Occident
Institutional Presence of Orientalism
Backed by material investments and academic endorsements
Gap Justifying Interventions
Difference between Orient practices and Western norms
Discourse on the West and the Rest
Structured representation influencing discussions on non-Western cultures
Discursive Formation
Interconnected statements supporting a common pattern
Discursive Practices
Activities shaping and shaped by societal structures
Regime of Truth
Dominant discourses shaping perceptions and legitimizing power relations
Consequences of Discourse
Influencing historical and contemporary international relations
Power and Knowledge Interdependence
Concept emphasized by Michel Foucault
Discourses and Power Relations
Exercising power through knowledge production
Neutral Discourses
Discourses not necessarily true or false, shaping perceptions
Social Practices Influence
Framing understanding and treatment of subjects
European Encounter with the Rest
Categorizing non-Western cultures using pre-existing discourses
Formation of Discourse
Emergence from classical knowledge, religion, and travelers' tales
Language and Symbols in Discourse
Critical in shaping perceptions and power dynamics
Role of Ideology in Discourse
Maintaining power by justifying ruling group's practices