HRSJ Final Exam Review

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Democracy

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70 Terms

1

Democracy

Originally negative, evolved to freedom and civil governance, varies by context

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2

Rule by the common people

Original meaning of democracy, feared by elites for disrupting hierarchies

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3

Liberal societies

Primarily market-centered, shifted to democratic structures over time

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4

Individualism and market economies

Transformed societal structures to contract-based, emphasizing personal choice

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5

Electoral choices

Introduced in major political upheavals to make government more inclusive

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6

Liberal democracy

Dual power system enforcing relations, often perpetuating inequalities

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7

Subjectification

Foucault's concept of constructing individuals within discourses and power structures

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8

Diffuse power

Operates through various discourses, practices, and institutions in society

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9

Data-driven marketing

Utilizes data collection and targeted advertising to shape behaviors

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10

Control societies

Manage individuals through continuous data collection and analysis

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11

Biopower

State control of biological processes and populations

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12

Panopticism

Constant surveillance leading to self-discipline and compliance

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13

Normalizing power

Subtly regulates behavior and shapes norms without overt repression

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14

Genealogical approach

Critical analysis of discourse surrounding rights and political efficacy

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15

Radical feminists

Identify root cause of inequality and oppression of women in society

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16

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

International treaty aiming to eliminate discrimination against women

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17

CEDAW

Comprehensive international instrument addressing discrimination against women

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18

Temporary special measures

Actions to accelerate gender equality, including maternity protection

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19

Intersectional analysis

Tool recognizing diverse experiences of oppression based on race, class, etc.

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20

Feminist legal theory

Critically analyzes gender equality, including liberal and radical perspectives

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21

Trafficking in women

Illegal exploitation of women through prostitution and forced labor

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22

Gender stereotypes

Socially constructed norms perpetuating inequalities and biases

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23

Family education

Modifying social norms through educating families on gender equality

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24

Discriminatory practices

Actions that unfairly treat individuals based on gender

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25

Maternity protection

Measures safeguarding the rights and well-being of pregnant women

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26

Gender neutrality assumption

Belief that laws and policies are gender-blind and apply equally to all genders

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27

Systems of domination

Structures that perpetuate power imbalances and control in society

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28

Human rights principles

Fundamental values like equality, freedom, dignity, and solidarity

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29

Gender-based discrimination

Unfair treatment based on gender, limiting opportunities and rights

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30

Intersectional nature of oppression

Understanding how various aspects intersect to compound discrimination

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31

Liberal feminism

Focuses on gender equality but criticized for not addressing all aspects of discrimination

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32

Critical feminist perspectives

Offer insights into limitations of liberal approaches to women's rights

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33

Commodification of labor

Treating labor as a commodity, leading to exploitation and power imbalances

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34

Class struggles

Conflicts between social classes, often rooted in economic disparities

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35

Dialectical lens

Viewing concepts in terms of contradictions and opposing forces

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36

Cultural imperialism

Promoting one culture's values and norms over others, often through power dynamics

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37

Alienation of workers

Separation of workers from the products of their labor and societal connections

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38

Post-structuralist perspective

Rethinking identities and truths as socially constructed and fluid

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39

Binary oppositions

Concepts like male/female or heterosexual/homosexual that are seen as mutually exclusive

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40

Normative understandings of sexuality

Common beliefs about sexual identities and behaviors in society

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41

Heteronormativity

Assumption that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation

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42

Queer Theory

Critical framework challenging normative views on sexuality and power dynamics

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43

Oriental Form of Christianity

Adaptation respecting local beliefs, advocated by missionaries

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44

Cultural Imposition

Forcing one's culture on another, avoided by missionaries

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45

Hybrid Religious Practice

Combination of Christianity and local traditions

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46

Presbyterian Approach

Aggressive and intrusive method of engaging locals

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47

Anglican Approach

Accommodating and culturally sensitive method of engagement

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48

Orientalism as Critique

Analyzing Western perceptions of the East

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49

Cultural Imperialism

Promoting Western dominance through missionary work

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50

Spiritual Transformation

Primary aim of missionary missions

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51

Cultural Sensitivity vs. Cultural Superiority

Contrasts in how missions interact with local cultures

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52

Textual Practice

Written records providing insights into historical attitudes

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53

Discourse on Orientalism

Historical and cultural relationship between Europe and Asia

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54

Perceived Fundamental Differences

Basis of Orientalism, East vs. West dichotomy

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55

Power Dynamics in Orientalism

Involves domination and hegemony between Orient and Occident

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56

Institutional Presence of Orientalism

Backed by material investments and academic endorsements

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57

Gap Justifying Interventions

Difference between Orient practices and Western norms

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58

Discourse on the West and the Rest

Structured representation influencing discussions on non-Western cultures

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59

Discursive Formation

Interconnected statements supporting a common pattern

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60

Discursive Practices

Activities shaping and shaped by societal structures

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61

Regime of Truth

Dominant discourses shaping perceptions and legitimizing power relations

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62

Consequences of Discourse

Influencing historical and contemporary international relations

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63

Power and Knowledge Interdependence

Concept emphasized by Michel Foucault

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64

Discourses and Power Relations

Exercising power through knowledge production

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65

Neutral Discourses

Discourses not necessarily true or false, shaping perceptions

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66

Social Practices Influence

Framing understanding and treatment of subjects

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67

European Encounter with the Rest

Categorizing non-Western cultures using pre-existing discourses

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68

Formation of Discourse

Emergence from classical knowledge, religion, and travelers' tales

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69

Language and Symbols in Discourse

Critical in shaping perceptions and power dynamics

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70

Role of Ideology in Discourse

Maintaining power by justifying ruling group's practices

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