HRSJ Final Exam Review

Democracy

Originally negative, evolved to freedom and civil governance, varies by context

Rule by the common people

Original meaning of democracy, feared by elites for disrupting hierarchies

Liberal societies

Primarily market-centered, shifted to democratic structures over time

Individualism and market economies

Transformed societal structures to contract-based, emphasizing personal choice

Electoral choices

Introduced in major political upheavals to make government more inclusive

Liberal democracy

Dual power system enforcing relations, often perpetuating inequalities

Subjectification

Foucault's concept of constructing individuals within discourses and power structures

Diffuse power

Operates through various discourses, practices, and institutions in society

Data-driven marketing

Utilizes data collection and targeted advertising to shape behaviors

Control societies

Manage individuals through continuous data collection and analysis

Biopower

State control of biological processes and populations

Panopticism

Constant surveillance leading to self-discipline and compliance

Normalizing power

Subtly regulates behavior and shapes norms without overt repression

Genealogical approach

Critical analysis of discourse surrounding rights and political efficacy

Radical feminists

Identify root cause of inequality and oppression of women in society

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

International treaty aiming to eliminate discrimination against women

CEDAW

Comprehensive international instrument addressing discrimination against women

Temporary special measures

Actions to accelerate gender equality, including maternity protection

Intersectional analysis

Tool recognizing diverse experiences of oppression based on race, class, etc.

Feminist legal theory

Critically analyzes gender equality, including liberal and radical perspectives

Trafficking in women

Illegal exploitation of women through prostitution and forced labor

Gender stereotypes

Socially constructed norms perpetuating inequalities and biases

Family education

Modifying social norms through educating families on gender equality

Discriminatory practices

Actions that unfairly treat individuals based on gender

Maternity protection

Measures safeguarding the rights and well-being of pregnant women

Gender neutrality assumption

Belief that laws and policies are gender-blind and apply equally to all genders

Systems of domination

Structures that perpetuate power imbalances and control in society

Human rights principles

Fundamental values like equality, freedom, dignity, and solidarity

Gender-based discrimination

Unfair treatment based on gender, limiting opportunities and rights

Intersectional nature of oppression

Understanding how various aspects intersect to compound discrimination

Liberal feminism

Focuses on gender equality but criticized for not addressing all aspects of discrimination

Critical feminist perspectives

Offer insights into limitations of liberal approaches to women's rights

Commodification of labor

Treating labor as a commodity, leading to exploitation and power imbalances

Class struggles

Conflicts between social classes, often rooted in economic disparities

Dialectical lens

Viewing concepts in terms of contradictions and opposing forces

Cultural imperialism

Promoting one culture's values and norms over others, often through power dynamics

Alienation of workers

Separation of workers from the products of their labor and societal connections

Post-structuralist perspective

Rethinking identities and truths as socially constructed and fluid

Binary oppositions

Concepts like male/female or heterosexual/homosexual that are seen as mutually exclusive

Normative understandings of sexuality

Common beliefs about sexual identities and behaviors in society

Heteronormativity

Assumption that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation

Queer Theory

Critical framework challenging normative views on sexuality and power dynamics

Oriental Form of Christianity

Adaptation respecting local beliefs, advocated by missionaries

Cultural Imposition

Forcing one's culture on another, avoided by missionaries

Hybrid Religious Practice

Combination of Christianity and local traditions

Presbyterian Approach

Aggressive and intrusive method of engaging locals

Anglican Approach

Accommodating and culturally sensitive method of engagement

Orientalism as Critique

Analyzing Western perceptions of the East

Cultural Imperialism

Promoting Western dominance through missionary work

Spiritual Transformation

Primary aim of missionary missions

Cultural Sensitivity vs. Cultural Superiority

Contrasts in how missions interact with local cultures

Textual Practice

Written records providing insights into historical attitudes

Discourse on Orientalism

Historical and cultural relationship between Europe and Asia

Perceived Fundamental Differences

Basis of Orientalism, East vs. West dichotomy

Power Dynamics in Orientalism

Involves domination and hegemony between Orient and Occident

Institutional Presence of Orientalism

Backed by material investments and academic endorsements

Gap Justifying Interventions

Difference between Orient practices and Western norms

Discourse on the West and the Rest

Structured representation influencing discussions on non-Western cultures

Discursive Formation

Interconnected statements supporting a common pattern

Discursive Practices

Activities shaping and shaped by societal structures

Regime of Truth

Dominant discourses shaping perceptions and legitimizing power relations

Consequences of Discourse

Influencing historical and contemporary international relations

Power and Knowledge Interdependence

Concept emphasized by Michel Foucault

Discourses and Power Relations

Exercising power through knowledge production

Neutral Discourses

Discourses not necessarily true or false, shaping perceptions

Social Practices Influence

Framing understanding and treatment of subjects

European Encounter with the Rest

Categorizing non-Western cultures using pre-existing discourses

Formation of Discourse

Emergence from classical knowledge, religion, and travelers' tales

Language and Symbols in Discourse

Critical in shaping perceptions and power dynamics

Role of Ideology in Discourse

Maintaining power by justifying ruling group's practices