Final Exam Study Guide Race and Ethnicity SOCI 122 001

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, definitions, and discussions related to race and ethnicity as studied in SOCI 122.

Social Construction of Race

The idea that race is not a biological or fixed trait but rather a concept that is created and given meaning by society.

Racial Demographics

Statistical characteristics of different racial groups within a population.

Racial Wage Gap

The disparity in income earned by individuals of different races, even when accounting for education, skills, and experience.

Median Income by Race (2017)

The income level at which half of the households in a racial group earn more, and half earn less.

Wealth

Everything a person owns minus everything they owe, including home equity, savings, stocks, and retirement plans.

Racial Wealth Gap (2016)

The disparity in wealth held by racial groups, where typically white households have significantly more wealth than households of color.

Historical Barriers to Wealth Accumulation

Previous laws and social practices that have restricted certain racial groups from acquiring wealth, such as land ownership laws.

Asian American Economic Disparity

The phenomenon where some Asian Americans experience economic success while others live in poverty, resulting in a bifurcated economic status.

Unemployment Rate Definition

The percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.

Underemployment

The condition where a person is working part-time or in temporary jobs but desires full-time, year-round work.

Working Poor

Individuals who work full time but still fall below the poverty line due to low wages.

Discouraged Workers

Those who are not actively seeking employment because they believe no jobs are available for them.

Deindustrialization

The transition of an economy from a focus on manufacturing to a focus on service industries.

Statistical Discrimination

When employers make assumptions about an applicant's abilities based on their race or ethnicity.

Racialized Poverty Rates

The variation of poverty rates across different racial and ethnic groups.

Feminization of Poverty

The trend where women, especially single mothers, are disproportionately represented among the poor.

Black Middle Class

The socio-economic class of African Americans that emerged post-Reconstruction, which has faced historical repercussions due to systemic racism.

Racial Realism

A management strategy involving assumptions about the abilities of employees based on their racial or ethnic background.

Racial Signaling

The practice of hiring individuals from minority groups based on perceived customer preferences.

Opportunity Hoarding

The practice of a racial group restricting access to resources, job opportunities, or social networks.

Racialization of the State

When state policies create or reinforce racial inequalities and disparities in wealth accumulation.

Environmental Racism

The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on racial and ethnic minorities.

Welfare State

A government system that provides social insurance and assistance to promote economic security and welfare.

Affirmative Action

Policies that require consideration of race and gender in hiring and college admissions to promote equal opportunity.

GI Bill

A law that provided various benefits for returning World War II veterans, which disproportionately favored white veterans.

Cultural Hegemony

The dominance of one group over others in cultural practices, legitimizing and normalizing the interests of the ruling class.

Mass Incarceration

The significant increase in the number of individuals imprisoned, particularly affecting racial minorities.

Street Crime vs. White Collar Crime

Street crime pertains to violent or property crimes, while white-collar crime involves non-violent offenses committed for financial gain.

Police Brutality

Excessive or unnecessary use of force by police, often disproportionately affecting racial minorities.

Racial Profiling

The practice of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on their race or ethnicity.

Death Penalty Racial Disparities

The likelihood of receiving the death penalty based on the race of the victim and the offender.

13th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime.

Racial Battle Fatigue

The psychological stress experienced by individuals of color due to continuous exposure to racism.

Cultural Appropriation

The adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without understanding or respect.

Racial Imagery in Media

Representations of racial and ethnic groups in film, television, and popular culture that reinforce stereotypes.

Hyper-segregation

Extreme levels of segregation where racial minorities are isolated from the rest of society.

Displacement

The forced movement of individuals or communities from their homes due to economic or political factors.

Social Networks

The relationships and connections individuals maintain with others that can assist in finding job opportunities.

Public Housing

Government-subsidized housing intended for low-income individuals, often racially segregated.

Civic Assimilation

The process by which minority groups achieve social acceptance within the broader society.

Collective Memory

Shared beliefs and interpretations of past events that influence national identity.

Institutional Racism

Policies and practices within institutions that reinforce racial inequality and discrimination.

Sundown Towns

Communities that intentionally excluded Black people, often through violent means.

Redlining

The practice of denying loans or insurance to specific neighborhoods based predominantly on race.

Racial Integration in Sports

The inclusion and acceptance of athletes from various racial backgrounds in sports organizations.

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination directed against individuals based on their race or ethnicity.

Interracial Relationship

Romantic relationships between individuals from different racial or ethnic backgrounds.

One-Drop Rule

A social and legal principle of racial classification that asserts a person with any black ancestry is considered Black.

Social Control

Mechanisms used to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Racial Identity

A person's identification with a particular racial group.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Social Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on factors like wealth, race, or status.

Intersectionality

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, which create overlapping systems of discrimination.

Racial Justice

The systematic fair treatment of people of all races, leading to equitable opportunities and outcomes.

Criminogenic Condition

Social or economic factors that contribute to the occurrence of crime.

Cultural Resistance

Opposition to cultural hegemony through the expression of one’s own cultural identity.

Racial Segregation

The separation of different racial groups in society, often enforced by law or social norms.

Social Policy

Government actions that are intended to address social issues and improve society.

Minority Rights

The fundamental rights and freedoms granted to minority or marginalized groups.

Structural Racism

A system of policies, practices, and attitudes that produce and perpetuate racial inequality at multiple levels.

Ethnoviolence

Acts of violence motivated by prejudices against a certain ethnic or racial group.

Restorative Justice

An approach to justice that prioritizes the needs of victims and the community, rather than punishment.

Cinematographic Racism

The portrayal of people of color in film and TV in ways that reaffirm stereotypes and systemic inequalities.

Implicit Censorship

The unspoken societal norms that dictate which topics are acceptable to discuss or portray.

Racial Representation

The depiction of racial and ethnic minorities in various media and cultural contexts.

Historical Memory

The ways in which societies remember and interpret past events, often influenced by cultural narratives.

Racial Profiling Statistics

Data that demonstrates the disproportionate likelihood of racial minorities being subjected to profiling.

Racial Education Inequality

The disparities in educational resources and opportunities available to students based on their race.

Discrimination in Housing

Inequitable treatment of individuals in the housing market based on race or ethnicity.

Civic Engagement

The participation of individuals in activities that promote the common good and community involvement.

Racial Trauma

The psychological impact of exposure to racism and racial discrimination.

Civil Rights Movement

A social movement aimed at ending racial discrimination and promoting equality for African Americans.

Restorative Practices

Methods aimed at repairing harm and restoring relationships rather than imposing punishment.

Cultural Resistance Movements

Efforts by marginalized groups to assert their cultural identity and oppose dominant cultural narratives.

Intersectional Discrimination

Prejudice that occurs when multiple aspects of a person's identity contribute to their marginalization.

Minority Representation in Politics

The presence and influence of individuals from minority groups in political offices.

Racial Justice Advocacy

Efforts to promote fair treatment and opportunities for individuals of all races.

Bifurcation in Racial Economic Status

The division in economic well-being among racial groups, with some groups thriving while others struggle.

Economic Equity

The principle of fairness in economic opportunity and outcomes across different groups.

Political Suppression of Minorities

Actions taken to limit the political rights and participation of minority groups.

Cultural Appropriation Issues

The challenges and criticisms faced when elements of one culture are adopted by another, often without respect or understanding.

Socioeconomic Status

An individual’s or group's social and economic position measured through income, education, and occupation.

Hegemonic Masculinity

The cultural ideal of manhood that emphasizes dominance over women and subordinated masculinities.

Anthropological Perspective on Race

The study of racial categorization through the lens of cultural and social practices.

Biopolitics

The intersection of human life and politics, often referring to the governance of populations based on perceived biological differences.

Racial Constructs in Society

The social and cultural frameworks that define and categorize individuals based on their race.

Diversity and Inclusion Initiatives

Programs aimed at promoting representation and equity for marginalized groups within organizations.

Census and Racial Identity

The role of census data in shaping social perceptions of race and informing policy.

Racial Reconciliation Efforts

Initiatives aimed at addressing historical injustices and fostering healing between racial communities.

Critical Race Theory

An academic framework for examining and addressing the ways race and racism intersect with other social categorizations.

Empowerment of Racial Minorities

Strategies aimed at enhancing the political and social power of marginalized racial groups.

Public Health and Race

The study of health outcomes among different racial groups and the impact of race on health disparities.

Identity Politics

Political positions based on the interests and perspectives of social groups with which people identify.

Institutional Equality

The fair treatment of individuals within bureaucratic or organizational institutions, regardless of race.

Cultural Exchanges

Interactions between cultures that can lead to mutual respect or appropriation.

Global Perspectives on Race

The examination of how race is understood and experienced in different cultural and national contexts.

Transnational Racialization

The processes through which racial identities are created and understood across national borders.

Historical Narrative

The story told about the past, often influenced by prevailing social and racial ideologies.

Community Development

The efforts to improve a community’s economic, social, and environmental conditions, often addressing racial inequities.

Digital Activism

The use of online platforms and social media for promoting social change and racial justice.