Studied by 85 people
China
________ has great wealth, political stability, artistry, neo- confucian teachings, and spread of confucian and buddhism.
Bubonic plague
________- Black Death that killed ⅓ of the population; growing demand for labor after so many deaths and gave serfs for bargaining power.
Religion
________- worshiped pantheon of hundreds of deities, involved rituals, feast days, and human sacrifices (gods sacrificed themselves for the world so human sacrifice was repayment and atonement for sin)
Irrigation systems
________ used water, terraces, and pumps to increase productivity and cultivate unusable land; abundance of food means more people.
Emperor Song Taizu
Meritocracy and the civil service exam- ________ expanded educational opportunities to men of lower economic classes to score well on the civil service exam to obtain good jobs in the bureaucracy; based on the knowledge of Confucian texts.
Filial piety
________- duty of family members to subordinate desires to the male head of the family and the ruler; emphasized respect for ones elders to maintain Song rule.
Chaco
________- built housing using stones and clay.
Rajput
________ kingdoms- northern india and present- day Pakistan; Hindu kingdoms led by clans, no centralized government (demonstrating diversity and regionalism), vulnerable to Muslim attacks.
Mesa Verde
________- built multi- story homes into sides of cliffs using sandstone bricks.
Dhows
________- long, thin hulls made for carrying goods.
Khmer
________ empire- Mekong River and irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity; capital was Angkor Thom with temples of Indian cultural influences, Hindu artwork, and Buddhist sculptures.
Abbasid Caliphate
________, Middle East- fragmented by invaders, shifts in trade; new Muslim states in Africa, Middle East, and Spain.
Humanism
________- focus on individuals rather than God; sought education and reform, increased use of vernacular language; rise of monarchies, centralized governments, and nationalism.
Animism
________- belief that elements of the physical world could be supernatural.
Vijayanagara Empire
________- the victorious city; Harihara and Bukka from Delhi Sultanate in north- central India, converted to Islam for upward molbility and then returned to Hinduism and established their own Hindu kingdom.
Vietnam
________- traded with and learned from China, but rebelled against Chinese influence; women had greater independence and preferred nuclear families; villages operated independently; merit- based bureaucracy and loyalty for village peasants; rejected foot binding and polygyny.
local consumption
Commercialized society- economy changed from ________ to market production.
Inca
The ________ government, economy, and society- split into four provinces with governor and bureaucracy, loyalty was rewarded.
Mississippian culture
________- first large- scale civilization in North America near the Mississippi River Valley; built earthen mounds such as Cahokia.
Great Schism
________- Christian Church in Europe divided into 2 branches; Roman Catholic Church dominated Europe; Orthodoc Church was powerful from Greece to Russia.
Government
________ and society- the Great Sun ruled each town, priests, nobles, farmers, hunters, merchants, artisands, and slaves; marillineal society (determined by womens side of the family)
Marco Polo
________- Italian with description of the customs of the people he met; described Mongols and sparked curiosity about Asia → cartography, or mapmaking.
Grand Canal
The ________ was inexpensive, efficient internal waterway transportation system to become most populous trading area in the world.
Theocracy
________- rule by religious leaders; the Great Speaker was a political ruler and divine representative of the gods.
Technology
________ improved roads, canals, foreign trade, prosperity, and population growth.
Mongols
________- central asian and conquered remaining Abbasid Empire, ending Seljuk rule and were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks.
Path
Eight- Fold ________- the precepts that can lead to enlightenment or nirvana (right speech, livelihood, effort, and mindfulness)
Sufi
________- emphasized introspection to gather truths; played important role in spread of Islam; local religious elements into Islam.
Decline
________- abandoned Cahokia around 1450; thought to be flooding, weather extremes, collapse of agricultural economy, or diseases.
Pochteca
________- special merchant class that traded luxury goods.
Islam
________ spread outward from Arabia through military actions, merchants, and missionaries.
Srivijaya empire
________- Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra; built up navy and charged fees for ships traveling between India and China.
Magna Carta
________- forced William the Conqueror to limit power; required kind to respect certain rights.
Paper
________- made way across Eurasia; increased literacy rates, focused on intellectual thought and learning led to advances in math and medicine (Islamic centers of learning)
Ibn Battuta
________- from Morocco; travelog showed how Islams growth increased connections among cultures of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.
Champa Rice
________- larger urban centers and supported Chinas manufacturing capability.
Levant
4th Crusade- ________ (Venic transported Crusaders to the Middle East) and Islamic forces won.
Nasir
________ al- Din al- Tusi- astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, trigonometry, medicine.
Ghana
________- rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders; king ruled a centralized government with nobles and an army.
Social class
________- scholar gentry, aristocracy, farmers, artisans, merchants (low status reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creative value), peasants.
Antisemitism
________- Jews thought of as outsiders and untrustworthy; were expelled from Europe and moved to eastern Europe.
Feudalism
________- exchanges of land for loyalty.
Muslims
________- faced discrimination and moved to southeastern Europe; contact with traders in ________ caliphates opened trading world.
Ibn Khaldun
________- historical accounts and historiography and sociology.
Renaissance
________- revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue; printing press allowed mass production of manuscripts at affordable costs; growth in literacy and spread of ideas.
Christians
________ vs Muslims- Muslims conquered Spain, and ________ wanted to reconquer it during the Reconquista.
Commerce
________- islamic society viewed merchants as prestigious as long as they maintained fair dealings and gave to charity and kept accord with pillars of Islamic faith.
Korea
________- tributary relationship with China and emulated politics and culture, adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs, centralized government, writing system; aristocracy were more powerful and the elite prevented Chinese reforms.
Little Ice Age
________- lower temperatures reduced agriculture, increased disease and unemployment.
Monasticism
________- Christian clergy went to monasteries to meditate and pray; same economic functions as manors; women as nuns.
Bureaucracy
political organization where appointed officials carried out the empires policies (a continuity across dynasties)
Meritocracy and the civil service exam
Emperor Song Taizu expanded educational opportunities to men of lower economic classes to score well on the civil service exam to obtain good jobs in the bureaucracy; based on the knowledge of Confucian texts
Proto-industrialization
people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell and relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment
Artisans or skilled craft workers
produced steel and products in smelting facilities under the imperial government; manufactured porcelain and silk that spread through trade (porcelain was highly desired because it was light-weight, strong, light-colored)
Maritime navigation
redesigned ships for more cargo, compass, print paper navigation charts (less reliant on the sky)
Commercialized society
economy changed from local consumption to market production
Tributary system
arrangement where states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor; cemented economic and political power over foreign countries (Japan, Korea, and kingdoms in southeast Asia were tributary states)
Social class
scholar gentry, aristocracy, farmers, artisans, merchants (low status reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creative value), peasants
Role of women
respect for women but they still defer to men (patriarchy)
Foot binding
girls had their feet wrapped to signify social status; restricted participation in the public sphere in aristocratic families
Buddhism
came to China via Silk Roads from India (monk Xuanzang helped build popularity); introduced Buddhism in China by relating beliefs to Daoist principles; 3 forms of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
personal suffering alleviated by eliminating cravings or desires and following Buddhist precepts
Eight-Fold Path
the precepts that can lead to enlightenment or nirvana (right speech, livelihood, effort, and mindfulness)
Chan/Zen Buddhism
syncretic Daoist and Buddhist faith; emphasized direct experience and meditations opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture
Filial piety
duty of family members to subordinate desires to the male head of the family and the ruler; emphasized respect for ones elders to maintain Song rule
Neo-confucianism
syncretic system; combined rational thought with more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism; ethics over God and nature
Japan
Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto religion, woodblock printing, emulated Chinese traditions; feudalism and aristocrats (daimyo), serfs born into economic dependency, samurai born into roles as protectors; bushido stressed frugality, loyalty, martial arts, and honor unto death; emperor had little power and suffered regional rivalries
Korea
tributary relationship with China and emulated politics and culture, adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs, centralized government, writing system; aristocracy were more powerful and the elite prevented Chinese reforms
Vietnam
traded with and learned from China, but rebelled against Chinese influence; women had greater independence and preferred nuclear families; villages operated independently; merit-based bureaucracy and loyalty for village peasants; rejected foot binding and polygyny
House of Wisdom
center of learning in Abbasid Empire; helped transfer knowledge through Afro-Eurasia
Mamluks
enslaved people for Arabs who were Turks from Central Asia as soldiers and bureaucrats; in Egypt, they established the Mamluk Sultanate and prospered with trade in cotton and sugar; threat to Abbasid Empire
Seljuk Turks
challenge to Abbasids from Central Asia; muslims; starting to conquer the Middle East, leader was called a sultan and reducing highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority
Crusaders
Abbasids allowed Christians to travel to and from holy sites around Jerusalem but then they limited travel, the Crusaders (Christian soldiers) reopened access
Mongols
central asian and conquered remaining Abbasid Empire, ending Seljuk rule and were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks
Economics
Abbasids became important link connect Afro-Eurasia but trade patterns shifted farther north; Baghdad stopped being center of trade and lost wealth and population, couldnt afford repairing canals, not enough food
Islamic scholars followed Muhammads advice
translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, studied mathematics from India, adopted paper-making from China
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, trigonometry, medicine
Ibn Khaldun
historical accounts and historiography and sociology
‘Aishah al-Bauniyyah
prolific female Muslim writer; Sufi
Sufi
emphasized introspection to gather truths; played important role in spread of Islam; local religious elements into Islam
Commerce
islamic society viewed merchants as prestigious as long as they maintained fair dealings and gave to charity and kept accord with pillars of Islamic faith
non-Arab states with Islamic caliphs
discrimination against non-Arabs, people paid tribute to Islamic caliphs rather than to Byzantine rulers
Slavery
islam allowed slavery of non-Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrian; imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia (they converted for freedom); slave women were concubines to Islamic men
Women
slave women has more independence than legal wives; hijab and dressing modestly; Muhammad raised status of women by making dowries payments to secure brides be paid to the future wife, forbade female infanticide; Islamic women had higher status than Christian or Jewish women (allowed to inherit property, retain ownership, remarry, cash settlement, birth control, etc.)
Islamic rule in spain
the Umayyads rules in spain after Muslims defeated Byzantines armies and invaded Spain, designating Cordoba as their capital; turned back after the Battle of Tours; maintained religious toleration, promoted trade; al-Andaus became a center of learning and had the largest library in the world
Dhows
long, thin hulls made for carrying goods
Hinduism provided cultural unity
southern India was more stable than the north
Chola Dynasty
southern india until 1267
Vijayanagara Empire
the victorious city; Harihara and Bukka from Delhi Sultanate in north-central India, converted to Islam for upward molbility and then returned to Hinduism and established their own Hindu kingdom
Rajput kingdoms
northern india and present-day Pakistan; Hindu kingdoms led by clans, no centralized government (demonstrating diversity and regionalism), vulnerable to Muslim attacks
Jizya
Delhi Sultanate imposed a tax on all non-Muslims
Delhi sultanate
no organized bureaucracy → had difficulty imposing policies, local kingdoms played a role in Indias decentralized political landscape; prevented the Mongols from conquering South Asia; sultants lost power to the Mughals (mongol ancestry lol)
Hinduism vs Islam
polytheistic vs monotheistic; tempes and artwork of deities vs no visual representation of Allah; hierarchical caste systems vs equality; sacred texts vs only the Quran
Arrival of Islam
Islam was a universalizing religion, voluntary converts to Islam; attracted low-caste Hindus bc of equality; largest number of converts were Buddhists bc of corrcuption and disorganization
Social structure
caste system → politically decentralized, accommodates newcomers; low-caste Hindus converted to Islam to improve social status
Culture
shared intellectual and cultural achievements; Indian developments translated into Arabic and spread throughout Dar al-Islam ("Arabic numerals"); Islamic architecture with Hindu art (Qutuv Minar); Urdu meleded Hindi (northern India) and Arabic with elements of Farsi (Persian)
Bhakti Movement
southern India; importance of emotion in spiritual life and focused on strong attachment to a deity; did not discriminate against women or people of low status; Hindu but similar to Sufi Muslims bc of mystical movements that emphasized inner reflection and less on strict adherence to traditional rituals or beliefs
Influenced Southeast Asia
Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam; Indian merchants and trade introduced Indian religions to Southeast Asia
Srivijaya empire
Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra; built up navy and charged fees for ships traveling between India and China
Majapahit Kingdom
power by controlling sea routes; primarily Buddhist
Note 
Flashcard (32)