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Durkheim: Pre-Modern Society
People share similar beliefs, values, and lifestyles
strong collective conscience
mechanical solidary - social unity comes from similarity and shared traditions
Durkheim: Modern Society
Different jobs, beliefs, and lifestyles
less of a collective conscience
organic solidarity - social unity comes from people’s interdependence in a complex society
Which society does Durkheim believe that crime tends to increase in?
Modern
Why does Durkheim believe deviance is both inevitable and universal?
Weaker Socialisation: more variety of people, don’t all agree on the same norms - break some rules
Rise of Subcultures: people have different experiences and values, some groups from subcultures with their own norms that may conflict with mainstream values
Anomie: a state where social norms become unclear or break down during rapid social change - people feel disconnected
What positive functions does Deviance perform for society? - Durkheim
Boundary Maintenance
Adaption and Change
Safety Value
Warning Devise
Durkheim: Boundary Maintance
Policing the formal and informal sanctions used to either reward those who conform or punish those who deviate
shared disapproval of deviant behavior strengthens our social solidarity
Durkheim: Adaption and Change
If people never deviated from a society’s norms and values, then society would never change
organic process of social change is started by society responding positively to deviant behavior - becomes normal
Durkheim: Safety Value - Kingsley Davis
Deviance acted as a safety valve for society
prostitution: positive function of releasing men’s sexual tension without damaging the nuclear family
Durkheim: Warning Device
An increase in crime/deviance makes those responsible aware that institutions are not functioning effectively requiring them to take action
Durkheim: Egoism
Occurs when a collective conscience is too weak to restrain selfish desires of people
lack of socialisation to maintain collective values - leads to individuals ignoring the needs of society as a whole for their own selfish gain
Durkheim: Anomie
State of normlessness or a breakdown in social norms and values - contribution to crime and deviance
during periods of rapid social change - disjunction between the cultural goals of society and the means available to achieve them
People feel disconnected or adrift from society - lack of attachments, norms and values
Durkheim’s Theory - Strengths
Explains why crime is universal
Highlights positive functions of crime
Introduced the idea of anomie
Durkheim’s Theory - Weaknesses
Too positive about crime
Ignored power and inequality (conflict theory critique)
Vague on how much crime is functional
What does Hirschi’s theory focus on?
Why do most people NOT commit crime?
social control is achieved through 4 primary types of social bonds
Hirschi: Attachment
Strong attachment to conventional social institutions are less likely to engage in deviant behavior
Strong emotional bonds = create a stake in conformity - deviance may jeopardise these relationships
Hirschi: Commitment
Individuals who have a strong commitment to conventional goals and activities are less likely to engage in deviance
educational or career aspirations
Hirschi: Involvement
Individuals who are heavily involved in conventional activities and social interactions have less time and opportunity to engage in deviant behavior
Hirschi: Belief
Individuals who strongly adhere to conventional norms and values are less likely to engage in deviant behavior
individuals internalise these values and feel obligated to abide by them
Hirschi’s bonds of attachment - Weaknesses
Does not address the issue of why people with secure bonds of attachment commit crimes
Marxists & Feminists - not a value consensus that benefits all of society: capitalism produces detached, marginalised individuals deliberately to increase reserve army of labour, benefits the bourgeoisie
What ideas and theories did Merton develop
Anomie
Strain Theory
Why did Merton disagree with other Functionalist Sociologists?
Disagreed that all institutions in society benefitted all of society’s members
aspects of society would become dysfunctional and would need to change for society
Merton - Strain Theory
There was a strain between socially accepted goals in society and the socially approved means of obtaining these goals
when people can’t achieve these goals through socially acceptable means they turn towards crime and deviance
What is the American Dream?
Widely-held belief that in the United States, individuals have the opportunity to achieve material success, prosperity, and upward social mobility through hard work, determination, and merit
shared goals
Why does the American Dream create a Strain in society?
There was a strain between socially encouraged goals of society and the socially acceptable means of achieving them
What are the five adaptations in response to the strain theory? - Merton (RRRIC)
Rebellion
Retreatism
Ritualist
Innovation
Conformity
Adaptions to Strain: Rebellion - Merton
Both socially sanctioned goals and means are rejected, and different ones substituted
society no longer works well and needs to be radically changes
Adaptions to Strain: Retreatism - Merton
Individual fails to achieve success and rejects both goals and means
‘drops out’ of society - may become dependent upon drugs and alcohol
Adaptions to Strain: Ritualist - Merton
A person who immerses themself in the daily routine and regulations of their job but has lost sight of the goal of material success
given up on trying to get promoted or becoming rich and powerful
Adaptions to Strain: Innovation - Merton
Person accepts the goals of society but uses different ways to achieve these goals
common in lower social classes
opportunities generally not equal = better-off had advantages over those on lower incomes
Adaptions to Strain: Conformity - Merton
Adhere to both goals and means, despite the limited likelihood of success
Strain Theory - Weaknesses (Valier)
Argues that there is a variety of goals and people strive to attain at any one time
people might prioritise altruism or a happy family life over financial success of power
Strain Theory - Weaknesses (Taylor, Walton and Young)
Underestimates the amount of middle and upper-class crime while overestimating working class crime
white collar crime
Strain Theory - Weaknesses (Marxists)
Does not consider the source of social goals, nor in whose interests
bourgeois ideology: interests of capitalism
everyone wants money to purchase consumers
Strain Theory - Weaknesses
failed to explain crimes that do not produce material reward (non-utilitarian crimes)
ignored group crimes
How does Cohen’s Subcultural Theory develop Merton’s Strain Theory?
Addresses questions about why groups commit crimes and non-utilitarian crimes
What is the key to subcultural theories?
Deviants conform to norms and values, they just happen to be different norms and values from the rest of society
What does Cohen argue about working-class boys?
Failed at school resulting in low status and status frustration
resulted in the formation of subcultures
What did Cohen argue that working-class boys subcultures did?
Inverted the values of school
things deemed deviant in mainstream society was praiseworthy and a way of gaining status in the subculture
What did WC boys in subcultures do to receive status from their peers? (Cohen)
Took part in truanting, answering teachers back, and destroying property through vandalism
Why did WC boys partake in crimes such as vandalism or fighting according to Cohen?
Explained by the subcultures
inverted the values of mainstream society
turned socially deviant acts into ones that are praiseworthy
way of achieving status within the group
Cohen’s Subcultural Theory - Weaknesses
Members of delinquent subcultures are unlikely to have a consciously thought that mainstream society would consider their acts unacceptable
Doesn’t explain why delinquent subcultures were mostly working-class
Cohen’s Subcultural Theory - Weaknesses (Post-modernists)
Lyng & Katz
individual is influenced by boredom or is seeking a “buzz”
Cohen’s Subcultural Theory - Weaknesses (Feminists)
Theory does not consider gender
if frustration at low status causes deviants wouldn’t WC girls create subcultures too?
Cohen’s Subcultural Theory - Strengths
considers reasons for non-utilitarian crimes
considers why people commit group crimes
Which theory impacted Cloward and Ohlin’s ideas?
Strain Theory - Merton
What did Cloward and Ohlin attempt to explain through their theory?
Why some subcultures focused on certain types of deviance?
Why some subcultures centered on vandalism and violence
Why other subcultures centered on utilitarian crime
How does Cloward and Ohlin explain the differences within subcultures?
Access to Illegitimate Opportunity Subcultures
just as the opportunity to be successful through legal/legitimate means varies
opportunities to be successfully illegitimately
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure: Criminal - Cloward and Ohlin
Thriving local criminal subculture with successful role models
‘work their way up the ladder’
attracted to system because people with the same background as them have become successful in a criminal career
often recruited when young - if they prove to be dedicated - given opportunities to take their criminal careers further
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure: Conflict - Cloward and Ohlin
No local criminal subculture to provide a career opportunity - but territorial gangs exist
recruit or press-gang young people in the neighborhood into service
often engage in violence against one another - way of achieving ‘respect’ for young people
Substitute for qualifications or a well-paid job, either in mainstream employment or criminal organisations
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure: Retreatist - Cloward and Ohlin
Tends to occur where individuals have no opportunity or ability to engage in either of the other two subcultural or to achieve success in legitimate ways
‘double failures’ - result is a retreat into alcohol or drugs
dropped out of society
Cloward and Ohlin: Illegitimate Opportunity Structure - Weaknesses (Conflict criticism)
Only discusses working-class crime (Marxist)
Predominantly about males (Feminist)
Cloward and Ohlin: Illegitimate Opportunity Structure - Weaknesses
Most criminal gangs would have elements of two or more of these subcultures
Which theory did Miller reject?
Merton and Cohen
What did Miller suggest about the cause of working class criminality?
WC boys were socialised into a number of values that together meant that they were more likely to engage in delinquent or deviant behaviour
What are Miller’s 6 Focal Concerns
FASTTE
Fate
Autonomy
Smartness
Trouble
Toughness
Excitement
Miller: Focal Concerns - Fate
They believe that their future is already decided
won’t do anything to influence it
self-fulfilling prophecy
Miller: Focal Concerns - Autonomy
They wish to be independent and not reliant on others
Miller: Focal Concerns - Smartness
They use wit or smart remarks
Miller: Focal Concerns - Trouble
Typically get into trouble
Linked to excitement and toughness
Miller: Focal Concerns - Toughness
Might want to prove that they are tough or “well hard”
Miller: Focal Concerns - Excitement
They seek out excitement (particularly when not at home)
What is Miller suggesting about WC boys through his Focal Concerns?
None of these vales mean that WC boys become criminals
make crime more likely
Miller: Focal Concerns - Weaknesses (Feminist)
Doesn’t consider gender
focal concerns might just be masculine values rather then lower-class ones!
“concerns” are also those of working-class girls
may be features of “lower-class” values r indeed of youth in general
What does Matza argue about the values of people who commit deviant acts?
Deviant Acts don’t fully accept a different value system
often drift between conforming to society’s rules and breaking them
What does Matza believe about people commit deviant acts?
They feel guilt or shame about their behaviour but use techniques of neutralisation to justify it so they can avoid feeling responsible
Conventional Values
Mainstream norms and values
values we display as a result of the roles we perform
Subterranean Values
Private Values
usually controlled but we all hold them and do them
Exist at the margins of society - present in all societies
What are the 3 examples of Subterranean Values?
Greed
Sexuality
Aggression
Often associated with spontaneity, rebellion, and self-expression
Matza:Techniques of Neutralisation - Denial of Responsibility
Believes that it wasn’t their fault
Matza:Techniques of Neutralisation - Denial of Victim
Victim deserved it
Matza:Techniques of Neutralisation - Denial of Injury
Did not mean to harm someone
Matza:Techniques of Neutralisation - Condemnation of Condemners
They aren’t the only ones that do that
Matza:Techniques of Neutralisation - Appeal to Higher Loyalities
Loyalty to others - moral standards
What does Matza say about ‘youth’?
‘no mans land’
youth is a period of drift
still working out who they are have less control over their lives than adults do
What happens once young people gain a sense of stability according to Matza?
They drift out of crime and conform to society’s norms and rules