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What cells is always unicellular?

Protozoa

What cells may be unicellular or Multicellular?

Fungi, Algae

What cells are always multicellular?

Helminths (have unicellular egg or larval forms)

Logarithmic Scale means every time we go down red hash, how much are we going down? What is this used in?

10X smaller (ex. 1m —> 100 mm);

Relative Sizes

Three Regions of a Eukaryotic Cell?

Pasma Membrane,

Nucleus,

Cytoplasm

The nucleus contains what?

DNA (genetic material)

Nucleus controls all?

cell activities & determines cell type

The nucleus is bounded by?

A double membrane

The nucleus, 2: Identify where things are

Nucleolus is the site for?

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Pores in the Nucleus allows for?

Movement of Macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

The Cytoskeleton Function:

• Anchoring organelles

• Moving RNA and vesicles

• Permitting shape changes and movement

The Cytoskeleton Parts:

Actin Filaments,

Intermediate Filaments,

Microtubules

Actin Filaments are what + function?

• Thin; inside cell membrane

• Responsible for cellular movements

Intermediate Filaments are?

Structural reinforcement of the cell/organelles

Microtubules are? + Function?

• Transport and cell shape through cilia and flagella

• The “highway” of the cell

Prokaryotic (bacterial) flagella structure:

Smaller and simple

Eukaryotic flagella structure:

Larger + More Complex

Prokaryotic (bacterial) flagella Rotation:

Spins like a propeller

Eukaryotic flagella Undulation:

Waves/bends like a whip

Define Laboratory Identification:

differentiate bacterial species

Define Selective Drug Targeting:

toxicity to human cells when targeting bacterial cells

Define Understanding Pathogenesis

Chemotaxis, mucus penetration, and biofilm formation (key virulence factors in infections)

Define Infection Control:

Motile bacteria colonize catheters and form biofilms

Define Differential Diagnosis & Treatment:

• Fast, darting motion = bacterial infection (may respond to antibiotics)

• Slow, undulating motion = parasitic infection, requiring different treatment

The Cell Wall is not in?

protozoa or helminths

The cell wall is rigid and provides?

Support + Shape

The cell wall is the inner layer of?

Chitin or cellulose and an outer layer of glycans

Define Surface coatings:

An outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment

Surface coatings is composed of?

Polysaccharides

Surface coatings appears as?

• A network of fibers

• A slime layer

• A capsule

Surface coatings contributes to?

Protection, adherence, and signal reception

Define Cytoplasm:

• Everything between the plasma membrane & nucleus

• Contains Organelles: cytoplasmic structures that carry out specific functions

Mitochondria generates?

Energy for the cell

Mitochondria is composed of?

Smooth, continuous outer membrane with an inner folded membrane

Mitochondria contains folds on the inner membrane called?

Cristae

Mitochondria unique traits:

• Divide independently of the cell

• Contain circular strands of DNA

• Have bacteria-sized 70S ribosomes

Where are Chloroplasts found?

In algae and plant cells

Chloroplasts are capable of converting?

Energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Chloroplasts produce what as a by-product of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas

Ribosomes function:

Synthesize proteins

Where are Ribosomes distributed throughout the cell?

• Scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

• Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Appear inside mitochondria and chloroplasts

Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of?

membrane tunnels used in transport and storage

Endoplasmic reticulum has two parts, what are they?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) + Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) allows for?

Transport materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the cell’s exterior

What is attached to RER membrane surface?

Ribosomes

What is the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Closed tubular network without ribosomes

SER functions in?

Nutrient processing and in synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids

Golgi apparatus is the location of?

Protein modification and then sent to their final destinations

Golgi apparatus is closely associated with?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Describe the Golgi apparatus functions:

• Transitional vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum are picked up

• Proteins are modified by the addition of polysaccharides and lipids

• Condensing vesicles pinch off of the Golgi apparatus and are then conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell

Lysosomes detach off of?

The Golgi apparatus as a vesicle

Lysosomes contain a variety of?

Enzymes involved in the intracellular digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms

Lysosomes participate in the removal of?

Cell debris in damaged tissue

Lysosome function steps:

1. Engulfs food

2. Formation of food vacuole

3. Lysosome merges with vacuole

4. Digestion

Genetics characteristics:

Nucleic Acids,

Chromosomes,

True Nucleus,

Nuclear Envelope

Genetics have Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells?

Nucleic Acids - Yes

Chromosomes - Yes

True Nucleus - No

Nuclear Envelope - No

Genetics have Eukaryotic Cells?

All Yes

Genetics have viruses?

Nucleic Acids - Yes

Chromosomes - No

True Nucleus - No

Nuclear Envelope - No

Reproduction characteristics:

Mitosis,

Production of sex cells,

Binary fission

Biosynthesis characteristics:

Independent,

Golgi Apparatus,

Endoplasmic Reticulum,

Ribosomes

Biosynthesis Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells:

Independent - Yes

Golgi Apparatus - No

Endoplasmic Reticulum - No

Ribosomes - Yes

Biosynthesis Eukaryotic Cells?

All yes

Biosynthesis viruses?

All No

Respiration characteristics?

Mitochondria

Respiration Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells:

Mitochondria - No

Respiration Eukaryotic Cells:

Mitochondria = Yes

Respiration Viruses?

Mitochondria - No

Photosynthesis Characteristics:

Pigments,

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells:

Pigments - Yes/No

Chloroplasts - No

Photosynthesis Eukaryotic Cells:

Pigments - Yes/No

Chloroplasts - Yes/No

Photosynthesis Viruses:

All No

Motility/locomotor structures characteristics:

Flagella,

Motility/locomotor structures Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells

Flagella - Yes/No

Motility/locomotor structures Eukaryotic Cells:

Flagella - Yes/No

Motility/locomotor structures viruses?

Flagella - No

Shape/Protection characteristics:

Membrane,

Cell wall,

Glycocalyx

Shape/Protection Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells:

Membrane - Yes

Cell wall - Yes

Glycocalyx - Yes/No

Shape/Protection Eukaryotic Cells:

Membrane - No

Cell wall - Yes/No

Glycocalyx - Yes/No

Shape/Protection Viruses:

Membrane - Yes/No (called “envelope” when present)

Cell wall - No (have capsids instead)

Glycocalyx - No

Bacterial/ Archaeal Cells size:

0.5–3 μm

Eukaryotic Cells size:

2–300 μm

Viruses size:

0.2 μm

Define Last Common Ancestor (LCA):

The most recent shared ancestor of all current life on Earth

Last common ancestor is likely a?

Large organism with loose boundaries; has RNA as genetic material.

Individual cell forms; genetic material becomes ___, possibly through influence of ______.

DNA; viruses

Bacteria either parasitize (or are engulfed by) _______. They become _________ in eventual eukaryotic cells.

Pre-eukaryotic cells; mitochondria or chloroplasts

Fungi are medically concerned with?

Yeast + mold

Fungi are usually?

Multicellular and unicellular

What are the two forms of Fungi?

Yeast + Hyphae

Describe Fungi - Yeast:

Oval shape

Describe Fungi - Hyphae:

long thread like cells

What is Mycelium?

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

How many species of fungi can cause human disease?

Nearly 300

How many types of fungal disease in humans? What are they?

1) Community-Acquired Infections

2) Hospital-Associated Infections

3) Opportunistic Infections

Community-Acquired Infections source of fungi:

Environmental species

Community-Acquired Infections affects?

General population

Community-Acquired Infections site of symptoms:

Affects skin in various parts of the body, including scalp, groin, and feet

Community-Acquired Infections site of symptoms 2:

Flu-like symptoms in respiratory tract and rest of body; includes headaches, night sweats, and muscle and joint pain; possible rash

Hospital-Associated Infections Source of Fungus:

Pathogens in clinical settings