Habitat Fragmentation and Its Effects

These flashcards cover key concepts related to habitat fragmentation, edge effects, and their implications for biodiversity, providing students with a focused study tool for understanding these ecological dynamics.

What are habitat cores and edges in the context of fragmented habitats?

Habitat cores are central areas of a habitat with distinct physical and biological aspects, while edges are the transitional areas where different effects penetrate toward the core.

What distinguishes a hard edge from a soft edge?

A hard edge is a stark contrast between two different habitats (e.g., a forest patch and an open farm field), while a soft edge represents a more gradual transition between similar habitats (e.g., a mature forest and a regenerating forest).

How do edge effects differ in fragmented habitats?

Edge effects can vary in intensity based on how different the fragment is from the surrounding matrix, with hard edges creating greater barriers for species movement.

What are matrix effects in fragmented habitats?

Matrix effects refer to the barriers created by the surrounding habitat matrix, which isolate populations within fragments and limit dispersal between them.

What role do keystone species play in ecosystem processes affected by habitat fragmentation?

Keystone species, particularly top predators, regulate populations and can have cascading effects on the ecosystem when their numbers decline.

How does habitat fragmentation influence species extinction predictability?

Habitat fragmentation allows predictions about which species are likely to decline based on their body size and ecological roles, with top predators typically being the first to disappear.

What are some physical effects of habitat edges on ecosystems?

Physical effects of edges include decreased humidity and soil moisture, which can disrupt decomposition rates and nutrient cycling.

How do roads contribute to habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss?

Roads create barriers to animal movement, facilitate the introduction of invasive species, and increase direct exploitation of natural resources.

What is the significance of constructing wildlife corridors like underpasses or overpasses?

Wildlife corridors provide safe crossing points for animals, allowing them to navigate fragmented landscapes and reduce mortality rates from vehicle collisions.

What traits make species more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation?

Specialized habitat requirements, low reproductive and dispersal rates, and large home range needs increase species vulnerability in fragmented environments.