Earth/Physical science QHS final pt1

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 What does a porphyritic texture mean in terms of cooling history?

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The magma cooled slowly at first, and then the cooling sped up.

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Igneous rocks are identified by their composition and texture characteristics. What does texture refer to?

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crystal size

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Chapters 5,6,11,12. Took the most important questions

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79 Terms

1
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 What does a porphyritic texture mean in terms of cooling history?

The magma cooled slowly at first, and then the cooling sped up.

2
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Igneous rocks are identified by their composition and texture characteristics. What does texture refer to?

crystal size

3
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What process explains why a molten magma often is a mix of molten rock and crystals?

partial melting

4
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 Which rock shown in the figure cooled the fastest?

A) fine-grained B) porphorytic  C) glassy D) coarse-grained

glassy

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Which explains the relationship between cooling magma and mineral formation?

Bowen's reaction
6
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What has a mafic composition and a coarse-grained texture? A) diorite B) basalt C) gabbro D) obsidian

gabbro

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 Igneous rocks form from _.

crystallization of magma

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Which observation about a rock could lead you to identify it as igneous?

glassy texture

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What is the source of heat inside Earth that melts rocks into magma?

the decay of radioactive elements

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What process explains why a molten magma often is a mix of molten rock and crystals?

partial melting

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 During fractional crystallization mineral crystals

form and become separated from the magma

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igneous rock forms…

when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth.

13
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Which type of metamorphism occurs at high temperatures and medium to low pressures?

contact

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What type of weathering occurs when minerals get dissolved?

chemical
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 How are clastic rocks classified?

particle size

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What are the two types of weathering?

physical and chemical

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 What do different grades of metamorphic rocks reflect?

relative amount pressure and temperature

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  What is the most likely way for the rock layer at the bottom of the sequence shown below to be exposed to sunlight?

weathering and erosion

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  What processes aid in the formation of sediments

weathering and erosion

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Wind and water can push sediment into distinct layers and shapes. What is formed by moving river water?

asymmetrical ripple marks

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 Which of the following is an example of an evaporite? A) breccia B) coal C) rock salt D) shale

rock salt

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Why is porosity in sandstone important?

Water and oil can travel through it with ease.
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Metamorphic rocks with aligned minerals have a ____ texture

foliated

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Most sedimentary rocks are formed by _.

compaction and cementation

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 Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based primarily on their ____.

process of formation

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__ is the transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves.  

Conduction

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__________ is the transfer of energy that fuels atmospheric processes, while __________ is used to measure and interpret that energy.

Heat, temperature

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Atmospheric pressure with altitude

decreases, increasing

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Clouds are classified by __.

the altitude of the cloud formation and its shape

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Dust and sea salt are examples of __ that aid in the formation of cloud droplets.

condensation nuclei

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 How are clouds formed?

Warm moist air is forced to rise over a mountain. B) Warm air is forced into a convection current. C) Two air masses of different temperatures meet. D) All of these answers are correct.*

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In what layer are light gases, such as helium and hydrogen, found?

exosphere

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10.  The ratio of water vapor in a volume of air, relative to how much water vapor that volume of air is capable of holding, is called __.

relative humidity

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Which occurs during a temperature inversion?

A layer of warmer air is laid on top of a cool layer of air.

35
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What percent of incoming radiation from the Sun is absorbed by Earth's surface?

50

36
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What type of gas found in Earth's atmosphere absorbs UV radiation from the Sun?

ozone

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Why is the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere important?

It helps regulate the amount of energy the atmosphere absorbs.

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Why does the temperature of air decrease as elevation increases in the troposphere?

Air is cooler when it is farther from the heat source.
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The burning of fossil fuels has the greatest and most direct impact on the cycle.

carbon

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  __ is used to measure the speed of raindrops toward or away from a specific point.

Doppler radar

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 A __ is a narrow region that separates two air masses of different densities.

front

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A forecast that involves comparing current weather patterns to past weather patterns is called __.

 an analog forecast

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 A forecast that relies on numerical data is called __

digital forecast

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 High-pressure systems usually are associated with and low-pressure systems are associated with .

 fair weather, clouds and precipitation

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  At _, warm air displaces cold air and it develops a gradual frontal slope

a warm front

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 Long-term variations in weather for a particular area make up the __ of an area.

climate

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The exchange of heat or moisture between an air mass and the underlying surface is called __.

air mass modification

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What are four- to seven-day forecasts based on?

 circulation patterns of the troposphere

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What causes the Coriolis effect?

Earths rotation

50
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 What is a large body of air that takes on the characteristics of the area over which it forms?

an air mass

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What is the network of weather stations located across the United States called?

ASOS

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What type of instrument is used to measure wind speed?

an anemometer

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Thunderstorms develop from cummulus clouds that grow into huge ___ clouds.

cumulonimbus

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Thunderstorms form when three conditions exist that cause cumulus clouds to grow by the energy method of

convection

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First, there must be sufficient (3)____

in the lower atmosphere to condense and release latent

heat. Second, some mechanism must make the air rise, causing the cloud to grow.

moisture

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Third, the portion of the atmosphere that the cloud grows through must be (4)____

unstable

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The rising cloud must stay (5) ___

than the air around it in order for the growth to continue.

warmer

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The cloud’s growth stops when the rate of (6)

___in the cloud, which diminishes with height, is insufficient to create enough heat to keep the cloud warmer than the air around it.

condensation

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Growth will also stop if the rising air meets a layer of

(7)___air that it cannot overcome.

stable

60
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Forms when an air mass rises as a result of

orographic lifting

Mountain thunderstroms

61
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Forms because of temperature differences between

the air over land and the air over water

Seabreeze thunderstorms

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. Forms as cold air pushes warm air up at a boundary

between cold and warm air masses

Frontal thunderstroms

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the stages in the development of a thunderstorm in the order in which they occur. step 1

Warm, moist air rises quickly, and the moisture condenses into a visible cloud. Then updrafts form.

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Equal amounts of updrafts and downdrafts form convection cells.

Step 4

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Step 3

Falling precipitation cools the air around it, forming downdrafts.

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Precipitation begins to fall.

Step 2

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Step 6

The updrafts cease and precipitation stops.

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The updrafts slow as downdrafts decrease the supply of warm, moist surface air.

Step 5

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Large pools of extremely cold air develop strong high-pressure systems over polar continental areas. Jet streams move systems.

cold waves

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Large, warm, high-pressure system develops, remains over an area, and blocks cooler air masses from entering the area.

heat waves

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Sinking air from a strong high-pressure system stops air from rising and condensation from occurring over a long period of time.

drought

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A thunderstorm unleashes heavy precipitation.

flood

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Extended period of below-normal temperatures

cold wave

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Extended period of above-normal temperatures

heat wave

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Extended period of well-below-normal rainfall

drought

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Thunderstorm remains over an area for many hours

flood

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What is a tornado?

A column of warm, humid air begins to rise very quickly.

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