systematics Laboratory midterm

Animal systematics act 1-4, Plants act 1-10a

Classification

arrangement of object, ideas, info into groups to make things easy to find and discuss

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

Taxonomy

Taxis= arrangement ;nomos= law

de Candolle 1813

Taxonomy was first proposed in French form by?

Inductive reasoning

This reasoning is present in zoological classification which it is specific to general

Identification

determine tax identity

deductive reasoning

general to specific identification with the tool named dichotomous key

dichotomous key

Systematics tool used to identify an organism, comes from greek hat means divided in 2 parts

Characteristics

it is described in a dichotomous key

Indented

dichotomous key that are favored by botanist

Bracketed

dichotomous key is favored by zoologists

zoological nomenclature

application of distinctive names to groups in zoo classification, nomen = name; calare= to call

ICZN

zoology convention that provide rules for scientific names.

Phylogeny

evolutionary history of species and group of related species based on characteristics

systematists

people who study systematics

phenetic

A systematics approach that is informative, where characters are measured with the number of differences and similarities are calculated.

overall similarity between organisms

Phenograms

a taxonomic cluster which is the result from analysis in phenetics, these results do not reflect relatedness of genetic and evolutionary data

Cladistics

phylogenetic systematics does not corresponds to evolutionary histories, assumption: organisms closely related to one another

cladistics

diagram based relationships between taxa, focus on evolutionary relationships

Apomorphy

unique characteristics

synapomorphy

hared characteristics

shares common ancestry included in he taxa

characteristic of cladistics

monophyletic group

share common ancestor

paraphyly

group shares of THAT common ancestor

Plesiomorphy

character placed before outgroup ancient

Homologous

shared characters from common ancestry, a trait that is passed down

Analogous

similar functions but does not have same ancestry, structure evolves independently

shared primitive ancestral character

branching of a clade from other members of that clade (homologous)

advanced character

evolved characters that are distinctive or unique

Taxon

group of species

clade

includes descendants of the common ancestor

outgroup

closely related excluded from clade

Plant systematics

study diversity of plants

Description identification, nomenclature and classification

4 components of systematics

Systema Naturae 1st ed 1735

book of carolus involved

Description

a component of systematics that shows the characters(features of a taxon

Identification

a component of systematics that associates taxon with the other one

nomenclature

a component of systematics that shows format naming of organisms

Classification

va component of systematics that shows arrangement of entities

Taxonomic key

method of identification that is useful to classify organisms

written description

method of identification that compare features of taxa to verify its identity

Specimen comparison

method of identification that compare preserved specimen which are herbarium specimen

image comparison

method of identification that visually compare specimen

Expert determination

method of identification that identify the expert of the group

ICBN

a convention for rules of plant nomenclature

us, er, is, r

masculine plants suffix

a, ra, is , ris

plants suffix : female

um, um, e, re

plants suffix : neuter

taxon

group of organisms

-idae

plants suffix : subclass

-opsida

plants suffix :class

-phytina

plants suffix : subphylum

Voucher specimen

dried reference specimen or plant collection

1-20 rule

1 plant specimen with population present n the surrounding where it is picked

refrigerator

if plants not pressed it is e as an alternative

11. 5 width

16.5 tall

standard size herbarium paper

Lower vascular plants

seedless vascular plants reproduce by spores

pteridophyta

true ferns (strobili cones)

equisetophyta

Horsetails (sori)

psilotophyta

whisk ferns

lycopodophyta

club mosses / spike mosses

cycadophyta

palm like gymnosperms

Ginkgophyta

gymnosperm: maidenhair trees w/ fan like leaves

gnetophyta

gymnosperm: 3 genera present

Welswitchia- large straplike leaves in southwestern africa (tree)

Ephedra shrub; american desert

Gnetum- trees/ vines with veined leaves in topical areas

Conifera

gymnosperm: pines, spruce, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses, redwoods; trees that bear cone seeds

Gynoecium

flowers can be modified, or more stame, 1 or more carpels, collectively called as?

Commelinids

angiosperms : monocots have presnce f organic acids in cell walls

Coumaric, Diferulic,ferulic acid

magnoliopsida

subclass for dicotyledonae

bromeliaceae

monocot(commelinids) family: epiphytic herbaceous; spiny margined leaf; small flowers but dense; water absrbing trichomes present

palmae

monocot (commelinids)family: trees or shrubs; leaves spirally arranged small unisexual flowers; drupes or berries

Commelinaceae

monocot (commelinids)family: creeping succulent stems, leaves sheathing at base, calix flower; capsules

musaceae

monocot(commelinids) family: pseudostems; flowers closed by bracts; berries

sterlitziaceae

monocot(commelinids) family: perennial; boat shape bract, spiky flowers; pollinated by birds

Zingiberaceae

monocot(commelinids) family: rhizomes, zygomorphic flowers

poaceae

monocot(commelinids) family: flower: spikelets;parallel veined with sheathing bases; caryopses (grains); grass

Orchidaceae

monocot family: zygomorphic flowers; labellum ;epiphytic

Liliaceae

monocot family: actinomorphic flowers; ovary superior parallel venation leaves

Arecaceae

monocot family: large crown leaves; monoecious/ dioecous flowers'; drupe fibrous fruits

Pandanaceae

monocot family: prop roots; drupes or berries

Asphodelaceae

monocot family: rosette arranged leaves, succulent leaves, actinomorphic flowers, ex. aloe vera

Alliaceae

monocot family: onion family; bulb plants; capsules

fabaceae

Dicot family: legume; herbs shrubs or trees; butterfly shaped flowers (zygomorphic)

Asteraceae

Dicot family: herbs, shrubs; lobed leaves achenes

solanaceae

Dicot family: shrubs, small trees; actinomorphic, tubular flowers, berries or capsules

Lamiaceae

Dicot family: shrubs, aromatic; zygomorphic; nutlet ;mint