Pharmacology Drugs for Veterinary Technicians

Atropine

Other Names: Numerous names

Drug Class: Anticholinergics

Schedule: IV-V

Common Use:

• Preanesthetic

• Dilates pupils

• Dries secretions

• Good for bradycardia

• Fast onset, short duration

Route: IV, IM, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Rodents

• Caution in ruminants, reptiles, and birds (species dependent)

Side Effects: Tachycardia, Mydriasis Reduced GI motility, Thickened airway secretions, CNS excitement in some species

Contraindications:

• Rabbits

• Animals with cardiac, GI, and/or ocular problems

• May cause tachycardia

Reversal Drug: None

Glycopyrrolate

Proprietary Names: Robinul-V

Drug Class: Anticholinergics

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Preanesthetic

• Dilates pupils

• Dries mucous membranes

• Suppresses salivation

• Slow onset, long duration

Route: IV, IM, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Rabbits

• Caution in ruminants, reptiles, and exotics

Side Effects: Tachycardia, Decreased GI motility, Pupillary dilation, Dry mouth, Thickened secretions

Contraindications:

• Animals with cardiac, GI, and/or ocular problems

Reversal Drug: None

Amitraz

Proprietary Names: Mitaban

Drug Class: MAOI, Antiparasitic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treats generalized demodicosis

• Prevents flea and tick infestation

Route: Topical

Species: Dogs, Ruminants, Pigs, Small mammals

Side Effects: Sedation, Depression, Ataxia, Bradycardia, Hypotension, Hypothermia, GI signs, Hyperglycemia, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Dogs under 4 months

• May be toxic to rabbits, horses, and cats

• Animals that are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Reversal Drug: Atipamezole, Yohimbine

Selegiline

Proprietary Names: Anipryl, Deprenyl, I-Deprenyl

Drug Class: MAO-B inhibitor

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Cognitive dysfunction and PDH in dogs

• Cushing’s syndrome (controversial)

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: Restlessness, Agitation, Hyperactivity, GI upset, Insomnia, Hypotension, Arrythmias, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Do not use with SSRIs, TCAs, sympathomimetic, or other MAO inhibitors

• Liver/kidney disease

• Aggressive/seizure-prone animals

• Pregnant/lactating animals

Reversal Drug: None

Fluoxetine

Proprietary Names: Prozac, Reconcile

Drug Class: SRRI

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Behavioral syndromes

• Obsessive disorders

• Phobias

• Aggression

• Inappropriate urine marking

• Separation anxiety

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Birds

Side Effects: Decreased appetite, Lethargy, Sedation, GI upset, Agitation, Restlessness, Seizures, Vocalization in cats

Contraindications:

• Do not use with other MAO inhibitors

• Epileptic patients

• Liver disease

• Breeding, pregnant, lactating animals

Reversal Drug: None

Amitriptyline

Proprietary Names: Elavil

Drug Class: TCA

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Inappropriate urination

• Anxiety

• Excessive grooming

• Chronic pain

Route: PO

Species: Usually cats, Dogs

Side Effects: Sedation, Lethargy, Dry mouth, Constipation, Urinary retention, Weight gain, GI upset, Arrythmias, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Cardiac diseases

• Seizure-prone animals

• Glaucoma

• Urinary retention

• Do not use with MAO inhibitors

• Pregnancy/lactation

Reversal Drug: None

Clomipramine

Other Names: Clomicalm

Drug Class: TCA

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Separation anxiety

• Compulsive disorders

Route: PO

Species: Usually dogs, cats

Side Effects: Sedation, Lethargy, GI upset, Dry mouth, Constipation, Urinary retention, Hypotension, Arrythmias, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Cardiac diseases

• Seizure-prone animals

• Urinary retention

• Do not use with MAO inhibitors

• Pregnancy/Lactating animals

Reversal Drug: None

Sertraline

Proprietary Names: Zoloft

Drug Class: SSRI

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Anxiety disorders

• Compulsive behaviors

• Fear-based behaviors

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: Mild sedation, Lethargy, Decreased appetite, GI upset, Restlessness, Agitation

Contraindications:

• Do not combine with other serotonergic drugs

• Seizure-prone animals

• Hepatic impairment

• Pregnant/lactating animals

Reversal Drug: None

Paroxetine

Proprietary Names: Paxil

Drug Class: SSRI

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Anxiety disorders

• Fear-based aggression

• Compulsive disorders

• Inappropriate urination

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, cats, exotics

Side Effects: Decreased appetite, GI upset, Mild sedation, Lethargy, Agitation, Restlessness, Hypertension, Serotonin syndrome

Contraindications:

• Do not use with other serotonergic drugs

• Seizure-prone animals

• Pregnancy/lactation

• Severe liver disease

Reversal Drug: None

Diazepam

Proprietary Names: Valium, Diastat

Drug Class: Anticonvulsant, Tranquilizer

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Premedication and induction

• Anticonvulsant

• Status epilepticus

• Appetite stimulant

• Often combined with ketamine

Route: IV, PO, Rectal, IM, IN

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Sedation, Ataxia, Paradoxical excitement, Hypotension, Respiratory depression, Hepatotoxicity, Appetite increase, Phlebitis

Contraindications:

• Liver disease

• Aggressive/anxious animals

• Pregnant animals

• Geriatric patients

Reversal Drug: Flumazenil

Midazolam

Proprietary Names: Versed

Drug Class: Anticonvulsant, Tranquilizer

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Premedication and induction

• Anticonvulsant

• Neonates and geriatrics

• Critically ill patients

Route: SQ, IM, IV, IN

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Sedation, Muscle relaxation, Ataxia, Cardiovascular effects, Respiratory depression, Paradoxical excitement

Contraindications:

• May cause excitement in young, healthy animals

• Pregnancy/lactation

• Severe liver disease

Reversal Drug: Flumazenil

Acepromazine Maleate

Proprietary Names: PromAce

Drug Class: Tranquilizer, Phenothiazine

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pre-anesthetic

• Tranquilizer

Route: SQ, IM, IV, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Hypotension, Decreased seizure threshold, Hypothermia, Third eyelid protrusion, Penile prolapse in horses, Long duration

Contraindications:

• Geriatric and neonates

• Liver and cardiac disease

• Large breeds, boxers, greyhounds, and terriers

Reversal Drug: None

Levetiracetam

Proprietary Names: Keppra

Drug Class: Anticonvulsant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Seizure management

• Cluster seizures and status epilepticus

• Less hepatotoxic than phenobarbital

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: Generally well tolerated, Mild sedation, Ataxia, GI upset, Rare behavioral changes

Contraindications:

• Renal insufficiency

• Caution if combined with other CNS depressants

• Pregnant/lactating animals

Reversal Drug: None

Potassium Bromide

Proprietary Names: KBr

Drug Class: Anticonvulsant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Seizure management

• Monotherapy

Route: PO

Species: Dogs

Side Effects: PU/PD/PP, Sedation, Ataxia, Weakness, GI upset and irritation, Profound sedation, Hindlimb weakness, Behavioral changes, Bronchitis in cats

Contraindications:

• Renal disease

• High-chloride diets lower bromide levels (seizure risk)

• Low-chloride diets raise bromide levels (toxicity risk)

Reversal Drug: None

Phenobarbital

Proprietary Names: Luminal, Solfoton

Drug Class: Anticonvulsant

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Long-term control of epileptic seizures

• Seizure management

• Inexpensive

• Often used with potassium bromide or levetiracetam

Route: PO, IV

Species: Dogs

Side Effects: PU/PD/PP, Sedation, Ataxia, Hepatotoxicity with long-term use, Blood dyscrasias in cats, Tolerance can develop over time

Contraindications:

• Liver disease

• Hypovolemia, anemia

• Risk of idiosyncratic bone marrow suppression in cats

Reversal Drug: None

Alfaxalone

Proprietary Names: Alfaxon, Alfaxon Multidose

Drug Class: Neuroactive steroid anesthetic agent

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Induction and maintenance of anesthesia

• Short procedures requiring sedation/anesthesia

Route: IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: Respiratory depression, Hypotension, Apnea, Muscle twitching, Paddling

Contraindications:

• Known hypersensitivity

• Severe cardiovascular instability

Reversal Drug: None

Guaifenesin

Other Names: Glyceryl guaiacolate, Guaiphenesin, Mucinex

Drug Class: Expectorant, Muscle relaxant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Used as part of Triple Drip

• Combined with ketamine and xylazine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia

• Muscle relaxant

Route: PO, IV

Species: Horses, Cattle, Dogs (rare)

Side Effects: Thrombophlebitis, Hemolysis, Muscle weakness, Ataxia, Tissue damage

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing hypotension

• Hepatic or renal dysfunction

• Not used in small animals

Reversal Drug: None

Propofol

Other Names: Rapinovet, PropoFlo

Drug Class: Anesthetic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Induction and maintenance of anesthesia

• Sedation for short diagnostic or surgical procedures

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: Respiratory depression, Apnea, Hypotension, Bradycardia, Heinz body anemia in cats with repeated use

Contraindications:

• Severe cardiovascular instability

• Hypovolemia

• Caution with repeated use in cats

Reversal Drug: None

Isoflurane

Other Names: AErrane

Drug Class: Anesthetic, Inhalant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Induction

• Maintenance of anesthesia

• Often used for patients with cardiovascular concerns

Route: Inhalant

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Small mammals, Birds, Reptiles

Contraindications:

• Known malignant hyperthermia

• Caution in patients with severe hypotension

Reversal Drug: None

Sevoflurane

Other Names: SevoFlo

Drug Class: Anesthetic, Inhalant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Induction

• Maintenance of anesthesia

• Preferred in patients needing rapid changes in anesthetic depth

• Very quick recovery

Route: Inhalant

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Contraindications:

• Malignant hyperthermia risk

• Caution in sever hypotension

Reversal Drug: None

Doxapram

Other Names: Dopram, Respiram

Drug Class: Respiratory stimulant

Schedule: N/A

Common Uses:

• Stimulates respiration

• Stimulates breathing in neonates

• Assists in diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis

Route: IV, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Neonates

Side Effects: Hypertension, Seizures, Arrythmias, Vomiting, CNS excitement, Tremors

Contraindications

• Seizure disorders

• Cardiac disease

• Hypertension

• Head trauma

• Increased ICP

Reversal Drug: None

Flumazenil

Other Names: Romazicon

Drug Class: Antidote

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reversal of benzodiazepines

• Management of benzodiazepine toxicity

• Occurrence of excessive sedation or paradoxical excitement

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Other small mammals (off-label)

Side Effects: Agitation, Tremors, Vomiting, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Patients dependent of benzodiazepines

• Seizure-prone patients

• Monitor for resedation

Reversal Drug: None

Detomidine

Other Names: Dormosedan

Drug Class: Anesthetic, Alpha-2 agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Sedation

• Analgesia

• Muscle relaxation

• Standing procedures

• Colic pain management

• Pre-anesthetic medication

Route: IV, IM, Transmucosal

Species: Horses, Cattle, Other large animals (off label)

Side Effects: Bradycardia, Second-degree AV block, Hypotension, Initial hypertension, Sweating and tremors in horses, Decreased GI motility, urination and salvation

Contraindications:

• Heart disease

• Severe liver/kidney disfunction

• Debilitated animals

• Pregnant animals near term

• Geriatric animals

Reversal Drug: Atipamezole, Yohimbine, Tolazoline

Dexmedetomidine

Other Names: Dexdomitor

Drug Class: Anesthetic, Alpha-2 agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Sedation

• Premedication

• Pain control

• Noise phobia

Route: IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics (off-label), Large animals (off-label)

Side Effects: Bradycardia, Vasoconstriction, Hypotension, Hypothermia, Vomiting, Respiratory depression, Arrythmias

Contraindications:

• Cardiac disease

• Shock

• Respiratory disease

• Hepatic or renal dysfunction

• Geriatric or debilitated patients

Reversal Drug: Atipamezole

Xylazine

Other Names: Rompun, generic

Drug Class: Anesthetic, Alpha-2 agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Sedation for minor procedures

• Preanesthetic sedation

• Short-term analgesia

• Emetic in cats

• Restraint in wildlife

Route: IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Deer, Elk

Contraindications:

• Advanced heart disease

• Severe respiratory disease

• Shock

• Late pregnancy in cattle

Reversal Drug: Yohimbine, Tolazoline, Atipamezole

Atipamezole

Other Names: Antisedan

Drug Class: Alpha-2 Agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reversal drug for dexmedetomidine and medetomidine

Route: IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics, Wildlife

Contraindications

• Do not give if animal was given non-alpha-2 sedatives

• Known cardiac disease or shock

Reversal Drug: None

Yohimbine

Other Names: Yobine

Drug Class: Alpha-2 antagonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reversal agent for alpha-2 agonists

• Most effective for xylazine

• Also reverses detomidine and medetomidine

• Restores CNS activity, cardiovascular function, and GI motility

Route: IV, SQ, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics, Wildlife

Contraindications:

• Seizure disorders

• Hypotension

• Caution in debilitated patients

Reversal Drug: None

Ketamine

Other Names: Ketalar, Ketavet, Vetalar

Drug Class: Anesthetic

Schedule: III

Common Use:

• Induction agent

• Chemical restraint for fractious or wild animals

• Some analgesia

Route: IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Birds, Reptiles, Exotics

Side Effects: Side Effects: Increased muscle tone, Rough recoveries, Tachycardia, Hypertension, Apneustic breathing pattern, Minimal respiratory depression, Renal excretion in cats

Contraindications:

• Head trauma

• Glaucoma

• Seizure disorders

• Cardiac disease

• Hyperthyroidism

• Shock or severe hypertension

Reversal Drug: None

Morphine

Other Names: Generic

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: II

Common Use:

• Analgesia, sedation, premedication for anesthesia

• Pain control

• Often combined with sedatives

Route: IV, IM, SC, CRI, Epidural

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Ruminants

Contraindications:

• Head trauma

• Severe respiratory disease

• Hypotension

• Patients with known opioid sensitivity

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Oxymorphone

Other Names: Numophran

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: II

Common Use:

• Preanesthetic sedation and analgesia

• More potent than morphine with fewer side effects

• Expensive

Route: IV, SQ, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Contraindications:

• Head trauma

• Severe respiratory disease

• Hypotension

• Patients with known opioid sensitivity

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Hydromorphone

Other Names: Dilaudid, Hydrostat, generic

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: II

Common Use:

• Premedication and analgesia

• Similar in potency to Oxymorphine

• Cheap

Route: IM, SQ, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics, Rabbits

Contraindications:

• Head trauma

• Severe respiratory disease

• Hypotension

• Patients with known opioid sensitivity

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Fentanyl

Other Names: Sublimaze, generic

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: II

Common Use:

• Analgesia

• Post op and cancer pain management

Route: IV, IM, SQ, Transdermal patch

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Contraindications:

• Head trauma

• Severe respiratory disease

• Patients with bradyarrhythmia

• Caution in hypothermia

• Not for use in unsupervised patients

Reversal Drug: Naloxone, Butorphanol (Partial)

Butorphanol

Other Names: Torbutrol, Torbugesic

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid, Antitussive

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Mild to moderate pain control

• Preanesthetic sedation

• Cough suppression

• Partial reversal

• Sedation

Route: SQ, PO, IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Contraindications:

• Moderate to severe pain

• Caution in head trauma

• Avoid in patients needing long lasting analgesia

• Horses with liver disease

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Buprenorphine

Other Names: Simbadol

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: III

Common Use:

• Mild to moderate pain

• Preanesthetic and postoperative analgesia

• Longer-lasting alternative to Butorphanol

• Preferred opioid in cats

Route: IV, IM, SQ, Buccal

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Contraindications:

• Severe pain cases

• Patients requiring full reversal

• Liver disease

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Tramadol

Other Names: Ultram, generic

Drug Class: Analgesic

Schedule: IV

Common Use:

• Mild to moderate pain

• Sometimes used when NSAIDs are contraindicated

• Adjunct therapy for pain control

Route: PO

Species: Cats, Exotics, Dogs (Limited)

Contraindications:

• Dogs

• Patients on SSRIs, SNRIs, or TCAs

• Seizure disorders

• Kidney/liver disease

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Naloxone

Other Names: Narcan

Drug Class: Opioid antagonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reversal of opioid induced sedation or analgesia

• Treatment of opioid overdose

• Can be used diagnostically if unsure whether opioid is the cause of collapse

Route: IV, IM, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Contraindications:

• Not to be given unless opioid reversal is desired

• Caution in animals with cardiovascular instability

Reversal Drug: N/A

Acetylsalicylic Acid

Other Names: Aspirin, Bufferin, Ascriptin, Many generic and brand names

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Analgesic for mild musculoskeletal pain

• Antipyretic

• Anti-platelet

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Cats (limited)

Contraindications:

• Concurrent use with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids

• Pre-existing GI ulcers

• Renal or hepatic disease

• Cats

Reversal Drug: N/A

Phenylbutazone

Other Names: Butazolidin, Generic

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pain relief for musculoskeletal conditions

• Anti-inflammatory in acute lameness or post-surgery

• Fever reduction in horses

Route: PO, IV

Species: Horses, Cattle, Dog (caution)

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing renal/hepatic disease

• Gastrointestinal ulcers

• Dehydrated patients

• Caution in pregnant mares

Reversal Drug: N/A

Flunixin Meglumine

Other Names: Banamine

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pain and inflammation associated with colic in horses

• Musculoskeletal pain

• Fever reduction

• Endotoxemia in large animals

Route: PO, IV, IM, SQ

Species: Horses, Cattle, Swine, Small Ruminants, Dogs (rare), Cats (rare)

Side Effects: GI ulceration, Renal toxicity, Hypersensitivity reactions, Colitis in horses with repeated use

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing renal or hepatic disease

• GI ulcers or bleeding disorders

• Hypovolemia or dehydration

• Caution in neonates or debilitated patients

Reversal Drug: N/A

Carprofen

Other Names: Rimadyl, Novox, generic

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pain relief and inflammation from osteoarthritis

• Post-operative analgesia

• Musculoskeletal pain

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats (off label, caution)

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing renal/hepatic disease

• GI ulceration or bleeding disorders

• Hypovolemia or dehydration

• Concurrent use with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids

Reversal Drug: N/A

Meloxicam

Other Names: Metacam

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis

• Post-operative analgesia

• Musculoskeletal injuries

Route: PO, IV, SQ

Species: Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Cats (off label)

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing renal/hepatic disease

• GI ulcers or bleeding disorders

• Hypovolemia or dehydration

• Use with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids

Reversal Drug: N/A

Acetaminophen

Other Names: Tylenol, many generic brands

Drug Class: Analgesic, Opioid

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Mild pain and fever

• Not commonly used

Route: PO

Species: Dogs (caution)

Contraindications:

• Cats

• Preexisting liver disease

• Concurrent use of hepatoxic drugs

Reversal Drug: N-acetylcysteine

Ibuprofen

Other Names: Motrin, Advil, Nuprin

Drug Class: Analgesic, NSAID

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Toxic in animals

Route: N/A

Species: None

Contraindications:

• Dogs or cats

• Pre-existing renal, hepatic, or GI disease

• Dehydration or hypovolemia

Reversal Drug: N/A

Gabapentin

Other Names: Neurontin

Drug Class: Analgesic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Chronic pain

• Adjunct for seizure control

• Anxiolytic for cats

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses (off label)

Side Effects: Sedation, Ataxia, Mild GI upset, Lethargy, Weakness

Contraindications:

• Renal impairment

• Use with other sedatives

Reversal Drug: N/A

Lactated Ringer’s

Other Names: LRS, Generic

Drug Class: Crystalloid isotonic fluid

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Rehydration

• Volume replacement

• Peri-anesthetic support

• Acid-base balance

• General fluid therapy

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Small mammals, Exotics

Side Effects: Fluid overload, Electrolyte imbalances if long-term

Contraindications:

• Liver failure

• Severe alkalosis

• Hyperkalemia

• Blood transfusion administration

Reversal Drug: N/A

0.9% NaCl

Other Names: Sodium chloride. Generic

Drug Class: Crystalloid isotonic fluid

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Shock

• Correcting hyponatremia

• Metabolic alkalosis

• Flushing IV lines

• Reconstituting medications

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Ruminants, Exotics

Side Effects: Hypernatremia if overused, Metabolic acidosis, Tissue irritation, Fluid overload

Contraindications:

• Hypernatremia

• Hyperchloremia

• Acidosis

• CHF or renal insufficiency

Reversal Drug: N/A

Normosol-R

Other Names: Plasma-lyte A

Drug Class: Balanced isotonic crystalloid

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Maintenance

• Dehydration

• Shock resuscitation

• Metabolic acidosis

• Peri-anesthetic support

Route: IV, SQ, IO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Ruminants, Exotics

Side Effects: Fluid overload, Hyperkalemia, Mild hemodilution

Contraindications:

• Severe hyperkalemia

• Severe liver failure

• CHF

Reversal Drug: N/A

50% Dextrose

Other Names: D5W

Drug Class: Hypertonic crystalloid solution

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Hypoglycemia

• Hyperkalemia treatment

• Parenteral nutrition

• Ketosis in cattle

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Small mammals, exotics

Side Effects: Phlebitis, Tissue necrosis, Hyperglycemia, Hypokalemia rebound

Contraindications:

• Hyperglycemia

• Severe dehydration without concurrent fluid support

• Head trauma

Reversal Drug: N/A

Hetastarch

Other Names: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)

Drug Class: Synthetic colloid

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treatment of hypovolemia

• Hypoproteinemia

• Colloid alternative to plasma

• Maintains blood pressure during surgery

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Horses, Cats (caution)

Side Effects: Coagulopathies, Volume overload, Kidney injury, Pruritis

Contraindications:

• Renal failure

• Coagulopathies

• Septic patients

• Head trauma

Reversal Drug: N/A

Potassium Chloride (KCl)

Other Names: KCl, Generic

Drug Class: Electrolyte supplement

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Correction of hypokalemia due to:

  • Prolonged vomiting

  • Chronic renal disease

  • Loop diuretics

  • Anorexia in cats

• Added to other fluids to restore potassium balance

Route: IV, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle

Side Effects: Cardiac arrythmias, Hyperkalemia, Local vein irritation

Contraindications:

• Hyperkalemia

• Severe renal insufficiency

Reversal Drug: N/A

Sodium Bicarbonate

Other Names: NaHCO3, Generic, Baking soda, Soda mint

Drug Class: Electrolyte supplement

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treatment of metabolic acidosis

• Hyperkalemia management

• Urinary alkalization

• Cardiac arrest

Route: IV, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Ruminants, Exotics

Side Effects: Metabolic alkalosis, Electrolyte disturbances, Tissue sloughing, Increased CO2 production

Contraindications:

• Respiratory acidosis

• Chronic compensated metabolic acidosis

• Hypocalcemia

Reversal Drug: N/A

Calcium Gluconate (Ca++)

Other Names: Ca++, Kalcinate, Generic

Drug Class: Electrolyte supplement

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treatment of hypocalcemia

• Cardiac protectant in sever hyperkalemia

• Adjunct therapy in hypomagnesemia

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Ruminants, Exotics

Side Effects: Bradycardia, Hypotension, Local irritation, Hypercalcemia

Contraindications:

• Hypercalcemia

• Ventricular fibrillation

Reversal Drug: N/A

Heparin

Other Names: Liquaemin

Drug Class: Anticoagulant

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Protection of thromboembolic disease

• Flush IV catheters

• Prevents clotting in blood collection bags

Route: IV, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Exotics

Side Effects: Hemorrhage, Thrombocytopenia, Injection site hematomas

Contraindications:

• Active bleeding disorders

• Severe thrombocytopenia

• History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Reversal Drug: Protamine sulfate

L-thyroxine

Other Names: Levothyroxine, Solozine, Thyro-Tabs, Synthroid

Drug Class: Hormone

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Primary treatment for canine hypothyroidism

• Improves clinical signs

• Restores normal thyroid hormone levels

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats (rare), Horses (off label)

Side Effects: Generally safe, Overdose, Rare allergic reaction

Contraindications:

• Addison’s disease

• Cardiac disease

Reversal Drug: N/A

Methimazole

Other Names: Tapazole

Drug Class: Antithyroid agent

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reduces production of thyroid hormones

• First-line medical management of feline hyperthyroidism

Route: PO

Species: Cats, Dogs (rare)

Side Effects: GI upset, Lethargy, Facial pruritis, Hepatotoxicity, Blood dyscrasias

Contraindications:

• Pregnant or nursing patients

• Liver disease

Reversal Drug: N/A

Insulin

Other Names: NPH isophane, Ultralente, PZI

Drug Class: Hormone

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Controls blood glucose

• DKA treatment protocols

Route: SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, Injection site reactions, Somogyi effect

Contraindications:

• Hypoglycemic patients

• Anorexic patients

• Liver/kidney disease

Reversal Drug: Hypoglycemia reversal

Pimobendan

Other Names: Vetmedin

Drug Class: Cardiac inotropic agent

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• First-line treatment of CHF in dogs

• Improves survival times for dogs with CHF

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats (off label)

Side Effects: GI upset, Lethargy ,Arrythmias, Hypotension

Contraindications:

• Cats with HCM

• Aortic stenosis

Reversal Drug: N/A

Epinephrine

Other Names: Adrenaline, Generic forms

Drug Class: Adrenergic agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Cardiac arrest

• Anaphylaxis

• Bronchospasm

• Local vasoconstriction

Route: IV, IT

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Exotic

Side Effects: Hypertension, Arrhythmias, Anxiety, Tissue necrosis

Contraindications:

• Cardiac disease

• Do not use repeatedly without monitoring

Reversal Drug: N/A

Lidocaine

Other Names: Xylocaine, Generic

Drug Class: Local anesthetic, Antiarrhythmic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Local and balanced anesthesia

• Antiarrhythmic

• Adjunct analgesia

Route: IV, IM, Epidural

Species: Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Cats (caution)

Side Effects: CNS toxicity, Cardiac toxicity, Local irritation

Contraindications:

• Cats

• Severe heart block

• Liver disease

Reversal Drug: N/A

Propanolol

Other Names: Inderal

Drug Class: Beta-blocker

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Cardiac arrythmias

• Hypertonic cardiomyopathy

• Hypertension

• Thyroxicosis

Route: IV, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Bradycardia, Hypotension, Worsening heart failure, Bronchospasm, Weakness

Contraindications:

• Asthma

• Heart block

• Diabetes

Reversal Drug: N/A

Mannitol

Other Names: Osmitrol

Drug Class: Diuretic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Reduce intracranial pressure

• Reduce intraocular pressure

• Promote diuresis

• Flush toxins

Route: IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Fluid imbalance, Osmotic nephrosis, Hypotension, Pulmonary edema, Vomiting

Contraindications:

• Anuria

• Severe dehydration

• Congestive heart failure

• Intracranial hemorrhage

Reversal Drug: N/A

Furosemide

Other Names: Laxis, Salix, Generic

Drug Class: Diuretic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Congestive heart failure

• Pulmonary edema

• Hydrothorax

• Hyperkalemia treatment

• Oliguric renal failure

• Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses

Route: IV, IM, SQ, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle

Side Effects: Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalances, Hypotension, Ototoxicity, Azotemia, PU/PD

Contraindications:

• Severe dehydration

• Anuria

• Pre-existing electrolyte abnormalities

• Renal/hepatic disease

Reversal Drug: N/A

Enalapril

Other Names: Enacard, Vasotech

Drug Class: Vasodilator, ACE inhibitor

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Congestive heart failure

• Systemic hypertension

• Proteinuria

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: Hypotension, GI upset, Hyperkalemia, Azotemia

Contraindications:

• Severe renal disease

• Hypotension

• Concurrent NSAID use

• Caution with other vasodilators

Reversal Drug: N/A

Diphenhydramine

Other Names: Benadryl

Drug Class: Antihistamine

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Allergic reactions

• Anaphylaxis

• Motion sickness

• Mild sedation

Route: IV, IM, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Sedation, Dry mouth, GI upset, Excitability

Contraindications:

• Glaucoma

• Hypertension

• Urinary obstruction

• Use with caution in other sedatives

Reversal Drug: N/A

Aminophylline

Other Names: Theophylline, Many

Drug Class: Bronchodilator

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Bronchoconstrictive diseases

• Recurrent airway obstruction

• Pulmonary edema

• Mild diuretic

Route: PO, IM, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Tachycardia, Restlessness, GI upset, Seizures, Hypotension

Contraindications:

• Cardiac disease

• Seizure disorders

• Severe liver/kidney disease

• Use caution with other stimulants

Reversal Drug: N/A

Apomorphine

Other Names: Generic

Drug Class: Emetic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Induce emesis in dogs

• Used only in conscious patients

Route: IV, IM, SQ, Topical

Species: Dogs

Side Effects: Prolonged vomiting, CNS depression, Excitement, Respiratory depression

Contraindications:

• Cats

• Corrosive toxin ingestion

• Neurological patients

• Respiratory compromise

Reversal Drug: Naloxone, Maropitant

Maropitant

Other Names: Cerenia

Drug Class: Antiemetic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Prevent and treat vomiting

• Motion sickness in dogs

• Peri-anesthetic use

• Supportive therapy

Route: SQ, IV, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: Pain at injection site, Hypersalivation, Hypotension

Contraindications:

• Puppies <8 or <16 weeks

• Cats under <16 weeks

• Hepatic disease

Reversal Drug: N/A

Metoclopramide

Other Names: Reglan, Clopra, Others

Drug Class: Antiemetic, Prokinetic agent

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Antiemetic

• Gastroesophageal reflux

• Delayed gastric emptying

• Post-op ileus

• Supportive therapy

Route: IV, IM, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Excitement, Behavioral changes, Extrapyramidal effects, Constipation

Contraindications:

• GI obstructions

• Seizure disorders

• Renal/hepatic impairment

• Caution in cats

Reversal Drug: Diphenhydramine

Famotidine

Other Names: Pepcid

Drug Class: Antiulcer agent, H2-blocker

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers

• Esophagitis and reflux

• Gastritis

• GI protection when using NSAIDs

• Adjunct in parvovirus, pancreatitis, renal disease

Route: IM, SQ, PO, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Small exotics

Side Effects: Generally safe, Anorexia, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Bradycardia

Contraindications:

• Renal/hepatic disease

• May reduce drug absorption requiring acidic pH

• Neonates/pediatric patients

Reversal Drug: N/A

Sucralfate

Other Names: Carafate

Drug Class: Antiulcer agent

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Esophageal, gastric, duodenal ulcers

• Esophagitis

• GI erosions

• Adjunct with H2 ulcers or PPIs

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Very safe, Constipation, Vomiting

Contraindications:

• Can bind to other drugs in the GI tract

• Must be given 2 hours before or after other oral drugs

• Caution in animals with constipation-prone conditions

Reversal Drug: N/A

Loperamide

Other Names: Imodium, generic

Drug Class: Antidiarrheal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Symptomatic treatment of acute nonspecific diarrhea

• Chronic colitis in dogs

• Typically only used in select cases

Route: PO

Species: Dogs (caution), Cats (rare)

Side Effects: Constipation, Abdominal bloating, Sedation, Excitatory CNS effects in cats, MDR1 gene mutation in dogs

Contraindications:

• Cats

• Collies, shelties, Australian shepherds

• MDR1 mutation-positive dogs

• Infectious diarrhea

• GI obstruction or ileus

• Young, debilitated, or dehydrated animals

Reversal Drug: Naloxone

Metronidazole

Other Names: Flagyl, Generic

Drug Class: Antibacterial, Antiparasitic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Treatment of diarrhea or colitis

• Giardia infections

• Anaerobic bacterial infections

• Inflammatory bowel disease

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Small mammals, Birds, Reptiles

Side Effects: GI upset, Neurotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Drooling

Contraindications:

• Pregnant animals

• Liver disease

• Overdose

Reversal Drug: N/A

Atropine Sulfate

Other Names: Many generic brands

Drug Class: Anticholinergic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Pre-anesthetic

• Treatment of bradycardia

• Emergency drug

• Ophthalmic use

• Antidote for organophosphate or carbamate poisoning

Route: IV, IM, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Exotics (caution)

Side Effects: Tachycardia, Decreased GI motility, Dry mucous membranes, Mydriasis, Photophobia, CNS signs, Thicken airway secretions

Contraindications:

• Glaucoma

• Tachyarrhythmias

• Ileus, colic, GI obstruction

• Ruminants

• Horses

Reversal Drug: N/A

Pilocarpine

Other Names: Isopto Carpine, Pilocar, Generic

Drug Class: Cholinergic agonist

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Glaucoma therapy

• Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca

• Diagnoses parasympathetic denervation

Route: Topical, PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Ocular issues, Systemic issues, Cholinergic crisis

Contraindications:

• Uveitis

• Asthma/respiratory disease

• Cardiac disease

• GI obstruction

Reversal Drug: Atropine

Proparacaine HCl

Other Names: Ophthetic, Alcaine, Generic

Drug Class: Local anesthetic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Diagnostic ophthalmic procedures

• Short-term corneal anesthesia

Route: Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: Stinging, Burning, Corneal epithelial damage, Delays corneal healing if overuse, Rare systematic effects

Contraindications:

• Do not use for long-term pain control

• Avoid repeated dosing

• Caution in patients with corneal damage

Reversal Drug: N/A

Bacitracin + Neomycin + Polymyxin B

Other Names: Triple Antibiotic, Vetropolycin, BNP Ophthalmic ointment

Drug Class: Tropical antibiotic combination

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Bacterial conjunctivitis

• Corneal abrasions

• Skin wounds, abrasions, burns

• Prevention/treatment of superficial bacterial infections

Route: Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Local irritation, Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis, Resistant bacteria with repeated use

Contraindications:

• Do not use with deep corneal ulcers

• Do not use with viral or fungal infections

• Caution in cats

• Patients with aminoglycoside hypersensitivity

Reversal Drug: N/A

Gentamicin Sulfate

Other Names: Gentocin

Drug Class: Antibacterial, Aminoglycoside

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Bacterial conjunctivitis, keratitis

• Bacterial otitis externa

• Serious systemic infections

• Superficial wounds and infection

Route: IV, IM, SQ, Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Swine

Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Neuromuscular blockage, Local irritation, Redness, Hypersensitivity reactions

Contraindications:

• Renal disease

• Caution in cats

• Avoid with other nephrotoxic drugs

• Animals with aminoglycoside hypersensitivity

Reversal Drug: N/A

Nystatin + Neomycin

Other Names: Panalog, Animax, TriTrop

Drug Class: Polyene antifungal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Otitis externa

• Skin infections

• Fungal/yeast control

Route: Topical, Optic

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses

Side Effects: Local irritation, Hypersensitivity, Ototoxicity, Skin thinning

Contraindications:

• Do not use in ears with a ruptured ear drum

• Avoid in animals with hypersensitivity

• Caution in long-term use

Reversal Drug: N/A

Ivermectin

Other Names: Heartguard, Ivomec, Eqvalan liquid

Drug Class: Antiparasitic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Heartworm prevention

• Ectoparasites

• Endoparasites

• Off-label dermodicosis in dogs

Route: PO, IM, SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats, Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Swine

Side Effects: Usually safe, Neurotoxicity, Injection site swelling

Contraindications:

• Do not use in MDR1 mutation positive breeds

• Do not give to young kittens/puppies

• Caution in severely debilitated or sick animals

Reversal Drug: N/A

Penicillin G

Other Names: Benzapen, Other names

Drug Class: Antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Respiratory infections Skin and soft tissue infections

• Certain UTIs

• Clostridial infections

Route: IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Swine

Side Effects: Allergic reactions, GI upset, Pain at injection site, Colitis, Neurotoxicity

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity to beta-lactams

• Do NOT give IV with procaine or benzathine formulations

• Use cautiously in small herbivores or sick animals

Reversal Drug: N/A

Cefovesin

Other Names: Convenia

Drug Class: Antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin infections

• UTI

• Soft tissue infections

Route: SQ

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: GI upset, Lethargy site reactions, Anemia, Seizures

Contraindications:

• Known allergy to cephalosporins or penicillins

• Use cautiously in patients with renal impairment

• Not recommended for animals needing frequent adjustments to antibiotic therapy

Reversal Drug: N/A

Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid

Other Names: Clavamox

Drug Class: Aminopenicillin

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin & soft tissue infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Respiratory tract infections

• Oral infections

• Bite wounds

Route: PO, IV, SQ, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics, Livestock

Side Effects: GI upset, Hypersensitivity, Injection site pain, Neuro signs

Contraindications:

• Known allergy to penicillins or cephalosporins

• Caution in animals with renal disease

• Avoid in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hamsters

Reversal Drug: N/A

Gentamicin

Other Names: Gentocin, Garamycin, Vetagen

Drug Class: Antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Severe systemic Gram-negative infections

• Ear infections

• Eye infections

• Wound sprays

Route: IV, IM, SQ, Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Swine, Poultry

Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Neuromuscular blockade, Local irritation at injection site

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing renal disease

• Use cautiously with other nephrotoxic drugs

• Not effective against anaerobic infections

• Avoid use in food animals unless explicitly permitted

Reversal Drug: N/A

Doxycycline

Other Names: Ronaxin

Drug Class: Tetracycline antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Tick-borne diseases

• Mycoplasma haemofelis

• Chlamydophila felis

  Respiratory infections

• Potomac horse fever

• Urinary tract infections

• Leptospirosis adjunct therapy

Route: PO, IV, Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Birds, Reptiles

Side Effects: GI upset, Esophageal irritation, Tooth discoloration in young animals, Photosensitivity, Hepatotoxicity

Contraindications:

• Do not give to growing puppies/kittens

• Use cautiously in animals with liver disease

• Avoid IV administration in horses

• Do not give orally to ruminants

Reversal Drug: N/A

Chloramphenicol

Other Names: Chloromycetin, Viceton

Drug Class: Broad-spectrum phenicol antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• CNS infections

• Severe infections where resistance limits options

• Respiratory infections

• Skin tissue infections

• Ophthalmic infections

Route: PO, IV, Ophthalmic, Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: GI upset, Bone marrow suppression, Neurologic signs with overdose, Drug interactions

Contraindications:

• Do not use in food-producing animals

• Caution in animals with bone marrow suppression

• Avoid use with other myelosuppressive drugs

• Extreme care when handling

Reversal Drug: N/A

Azithromycin

Other Names: Zithromax, Zmax

Drug Class: Macrolide antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Bartonella henselae

• Upper respiratory infections

• Bordetella bronchiseptica

• Mycoplasma pneumonia

• Rhodococcus equi pneumonia

• Chlamydophila

• Mycoplasma infections

Route: PO, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Birds

Side Effects: GI upset, Hepatotoxicity, Colitis

Contraindications:

• Do not use in adult horses

• Avoid in animals with known macrolide hypersensitivity

• Use cautiously in patients with liver dysfunction

Reversal Drug: N/A

Clindamycin

Other Names: Antirobe

Drug Class: Lincosamide antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Dental infections

• Skin infections

• Bone infections

• Toxoplasmosis

• Respiratory infections

Route: PO, IV, IM

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Exotics

Side Effects: GI upset, Hypersalivation in cats, Esophageal strictures, Overgrowth of resistant bacteria, Severe colitis

Contraindications:

• Do not use in hindgut fermenters

• Caution in animals with liver or kidney disease

• Avoid use in patients allergic to lincosamides

Reversal Drug: N/A

Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprim

Other Names: Tribrissen, Bactrim

Drug Class: Potentiated sulfonamide antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• UTIs

• Respiratory tract infections

• GI infections

• Skin infections

• Protozoal infections

• Equine respiratory infections

Route: PO, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Poultry

Side Effects: GI upset, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Polyarthritis, Skin reactions, Bone marrow suppression, Crystalluria

Contraindications:

• Do not use in dogs prone to KCS

• Avoid in Dobermans

• Contraindicated in patients with liver disease

• Avoid in pregnant animals

Reversal Drug: N/A

Enrofloxacin

Other Names: Baytril

Drug Class: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin and soft tissue infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Respiratory infections

• Prostatitis, wound infections

• Mycoplasma infections

Route: PO, IV, IM, SQ, Optical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Cattle, Swine, Poultry, Reptiles, Birds

Side Effects: GI upset, Cartilage damage in growing animals, Retinal degeneration, CNS stimulation

Contraindications:

• Do not use in growing puppies

• Avoid high doses in cats

• Contraindicated in epileptic animals

• Do not use in food animals where prohibited

Reversal Drug: N/A

Orbifloxacin

Other Names: Orbax

Drug Class: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin and soft tissue infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Respiratory infections

• Otitis

Route: PO, Ophthalmic

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: GI upset, Cartilage damage in growing puppies, Retinal degeneration, CNS effects

Contraindications:

• Growing dogs

• Cats at higher doses

• Animals with seizure disorders

• Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones

• Use cautiously with drugs that prolong QT interval

Reversal Drug: N/A

Metronidazole

Other Names: Flagyl, Metrozyle

Drug Class: Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Giardiasis in dogs & cats

• Anaerobic bacterial infections

• Colitis

• Hepatic encephalopathy

Route: PO, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Birds, Reptiles

Side Effects: GI upset, Neurotoxicity, Hypersalivation, Rare hepatotoxicity

Contraindications:

• Severe liver disease

• Pregnant animals

• Seizure-prone animals

• Caution in debilitated patients

Reversal Drug: N/A

Cephalexin

Other Names: Keflex, Rilexine

Drug Class: Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Bone infections

• Respiratory infections

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: GI upset, Hypersensitivity, Nephrotoxicity, Superinfection

Contraindications:

• Known allergy to cephalosporins

• Use cautiously in patients with renal impairment

Reversal Drug: N/A

Cefpodoxime

Other Names: Simplicef

Drug Class: Antibacterial

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Skin and soft tissue infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Respiratory infections

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats

Side Effects: GI upset, Hypersensitivity reactions, Nephrotoxicity

Contraindications:

• Known allergy to cephalosporins or penicillins

• Use with caution in renal insufficiency

Reversal Drug: N/A

Itraconazol

Other Names: Sporanox, Itrafungol

Drug Class: Triazole antifungal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Dermatophytosis

• Systemic mycoses

• Malassezia dermatitis

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: GI upset, Hepatotoxicity, Anorexia, Inhibits cytochrome P450

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing liver disease

• Hypersensitivity to azoles

• Pregnancy/lactation

• Use cautiously with drugs metabolized by CYP450

Reversal Drug: N/A

Fluconazole

Other Names: Diflucan

Drug Class: Triazole antifungal

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Cryptococcosis

• Systemic mycoses

• Urinary tract fungal infections

Route: PO, IV

Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotics

Side Effects: GI upset, Hepatotoxicity, Hypersensitivity, Inhibits cytochrome P450

Contraindications:

• Pre-existing liver disease

• Hypersensitivity to azoles

• Pregnancy/lactation

• Avoid in animals on drugs heavily metabolized by CYP450 without monitoring

Reversal Drug: N/A

Fenbendazole

Other Names: Panacur, Safe-Guard

Drug Class: Benzimidazole anthelmintic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Routine deworming

• Treatment of Giardia infections

• Horses: strongyles, pinworms, Parascaris equorum

• Livestock: gastrointestinal nematodes

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, Exotic mammals

Side Effects: Generally very safe, Mild GI upset, Bone marrow suppression

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity to benzimidazoles

• Use caution in severely debilitated animals

• Pregnancy/lactation

Reversal Drug: N/A

Pyrantel Pamoate

Other Names: Strongid, Nemex, Pyran

Drug Class: Tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Routine deworming of puppies, kittens, and adult dogs/cats

• Treatment of intestinal nematode infections

• Combined with other drugs for broader spectrum

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Livestock, Exotic

Side Effects: Generally very safe, Mild GI upset, Hypersensitivity reactions

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity to pyrantel

• Severely debilitated or weak animals

• Use caution in neonates

Reversal Drug: N/A

Ivermectin

Other Names: Ivomec, Heartgard

Drug Class: Tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Heartworm prevention

• GI nematode treatment in livestock and horses

• Treatment of mites

• Some ectoparasite infestations

Route: PO, SQ, IM, Topical

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Pigs

Side Effects: Generally well tolerated at recommended doses, Neurologic signs, GI upset, Hypersensitivity reactions

Contraindications:

• Collies and other MDR1 mutant breeds

• Use caution in puppies <6 weeks old

• Avoid overdosing; severe neurologic toxicity possible

• Do not use in animals with liver failure

Reversal Drug: N/A

Moxidectin

Other Names: Advantage, ProHeart

Drug Class: Anthelmintic, Endectocide

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Heartworm prevention

• GI nematodes, hookworms, whipworms, mange mites

• Hookworm control

• GI strongyles, bots, GI nematodes, ectoparasites

Route: SQ, Topical, Oral

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats

Side Effects: Generally well tolerated, Possible GI upset, Local injection site reactions, Neurologic signs, Hypersensitivity reactions

Contraindications:

• MDR1 mutation breeds

• Dogs with pre-existing illness, debilitation, or weight loss

• Puppies <6 months

• Avoid in severely immunocompromised animals without vet monitoring

Reversal Drug: N/A

Praziquantel

Other Names: Droncit, Drontal

Drug Class: Anthelmintic

Schedule: N/A

Common Use:

• Tapeworm infections

• Often given with pyrantel pamoate for broad nematode + cestode coverage

• Some fluke and tapeworm infections

Route: PO

Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, Livestock, Exotics

Side Effects: Very safe in most species, Mild GI upset, Hypersensitivity, Usually well tolerated

Contraindications:

• Hypersensitivity to the drug

• Use caution in severely debilitated animals

Reversal Drug: N/A