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Indulgences
A practice in the Catholic Church where a person could reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became a key figure in the Protestant Reformation by challenging the practices of the Catholic Church.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange on Demographics
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World, leading to significant population changes.
Causes of the European Age of Exploration
Factors such as the desire for new trade routes, the spread of Christianity, and advancements in navigational technology.
Reasons the Catholic Church had become corrupt during the Middle Ages
Issues such as the sale of indulgences, nepotism, and the accumulation of wealth and power led to corruption.
Navigational Technologies
Innovations such as the compass, astrolabe, and improved ship designs that facilitated exploration.
Syncretic religions
Religions that combine elements from different belief systems, often arising from cultural exchanges.
Spread of Christianity as a result of European exploration
The missionary efforts by European explorers to convert indigenous populations in newly discovered lands.
Impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on the Americas
The introduction of diseases like smallpox and measles led to significant population declines among indigenous peoples.
Connection between sugar and the Atlantic slave trade/slavery in the 'New World'
The demand for sugar in Europe fueled the transatlantic slave trade, as plantations required a large labor force.
Significance of gunpowder to growth of Asian empires 1450-1750
Gunpowder technology played a crucial role in military conquests and the expansion of empires such as the Ottomans and Mughals.
Tax farming: What was it? Effects?
A system where private individuals collected taxes for the government, often leading to corruption and abuse.
Reasons for conflict between Ottomans and Safavid Empires
Religious differences, territorial disputes, and competition for power in the region.
Similarities and differences between the Gunpowder Empires: Safavid, Mughal, Ottomans
All three empires utilized gunpowder for military strength but differed in their religious affiliations and cultural practices.
Effects of Portuguese arrival in the Indian Ocean world
The establishment of trade routes and dominance over spice trade, leading to conflicts with local powers.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds, significantly altering economies and societies.
Akbar's religious policies
Policies promoting religious tolerance and the integration of different faiths within the Mughal Empire.
Ways empires dealt with religious diversity 1450-1750
Strategies included tolerance, integration, and sometimes persecution of minority religions.
Divine Right of Kings (Europe)
The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, justifying their absolute rule.
Methods leaders used to legitimize rule 1450-1750
Leaders employed strategies such as military conquest, religious endorsement, and cultural patronage.
Origins of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires
Both empires originated from nomadic groups and expanded through military conquest and strategic alliances.
Reasons the world transitioned away from overland trade routes to sea-based trade routes after 1450
Factors included the search for faster routes, the dangers of overland travel, and advancements in maritime technology.
Importance of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal to the Age of Exploration
He sponsored voyages that expanded knowledge of navigation and exploration, leading to Portugal's dominance in maritime trade.
Reasons for Portugal's Trading Post Empire
Strategic locations for trade routes, control of spice trade, and establishment of fortified trading posts.
Northwest Passage
A sea route through the Arctic Ocean, sought by explorers as a shortcut to Asia.
Location of largest urban areas prior to 1750
Major urban centers included cities like Beijing, Istanbul, and Delhi, which were hubs of trade and culture.
Reasons for the Protestant Reformation in Europe
Causes included corruption in the Catholic Church, the desire for reform, and the influence of humanist ideas.
