All Era Review

Animistic

belief that animals, rocks, trees, mountains, etc were animated by spirit or possessed souls of their own

Neolithic

New Stone Age; Agricultural Revolution; started 12,000 years ago; refers to the deliberate cultivation of plants and the taming and breeding of particular animals; was a new way of life that gradually replaced the earlier practices of gathering and hunting

Domestication

the taming, and the changing, of nature for the benefit of humankind

Diffusion

gradual spread of ideas

Metallurgy

metal working

Pastoralism

societies who depended extensively on their animals; they moved seasonally as they followed the changing patterns of vegetation necessary as pasture for their animals

Civilization

new type of human society made possible by the immense productivity of the Agricultural Revolution

Patriarchy

ideal where men are regarded as superior to women and sons preferable to daughters

Cuneiform

Sumerian writing; wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets representing objects, abstract ideas, sounds, and syllables, regarded as the world's first written language

Hieroglyphs

Egyptian "sacred carvings"; a series of signs that denote words and consonants (but not vowels or syllables)

Pictographs

symbols used to represent either sounds or words

Mandate of Heaven

comes from the idea that ancient Chinese kings were known as the Son of Heaven and only they or their authorized privets could perform the rituals and sacrifices necessary to keep the cosmos in balance

Hebrews

smaller society of the Mesopotamian/Egyptian region; their sacred writings were recorded in the Old Testament

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Greek philosophers

Syncretism

an attempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, esp in philosophy or religion

Persia

Classical Empire located in modern-day Iran

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion that is considered "semi-monotheistic"

Hellenistic Era

widespread dissemination of Greek culture from 323-30 BCE that was a result of Alexander's conquests

Law of Twelve Tables

Roman law code

Christianity

founded in 32 CE by Jesus of Nazareth

Germanic Peoples

nomadic peoples (such as Visigoths, Franks, Anglo-Saxons, etc) living on the northern frontier of the Roman empire

Confucianism

belief system China that places a heavy emphasis on relationships

Filial Piety

emphasis on respecting elders, such as children respecting parents

Three Obediences

Confucian idea that emphasized a woman's subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and then to her son

Daoism

school of thought associated with Laozi a 6th century BCE archivist; people should disengage from the public life and align themselves with the way of nature

Legalism

Chinese political philosophy expressed by Han Fei; it was used by Shihuangdi

Han Dynasty

Classical Chinese Dynasty

Aryans

light skinned people who invaded India and are believed to have brought the caste system with them

Hinduism

beliefs based on the Vedas/

Caste System

social structure within Hinduism

Gupta

Indian empire from 320-550 CE; witnessed a flourishing of art, literature, temple building, science, math, medicine

Muhammad

followers believe that \___________ was last in line of great prophets that included Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

Five Pillars of Islam

core principles of the Qur'an

Dar al-Islam

the Muslim World

Suni

\____________ Muslims believed the caliph should be selected from among all leaders in the Islamic community.

Shi'a

\___________ Muslims felt the caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad.

Missionaries

play an important role in the spread of religion

House of Wisdom

center of Islamic learning located in Baghdad

Mamluk Sultanate

Time period in Egypt when former slave warriors seized control of the government

Seljuk Turks

Muslim group that began conquering parts of the Middle East including the Anatolian Peninsula

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Islamic scholars who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine.

Ibn Sina

Muslim scholar (known as Avicenna in the west) was one of the most well-known medical scholars

Sufis

Islamic sect that emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning

Córdoba, Spain

Center for learning located in al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula

Manorial System

During the European Middle Ages, the \_______________ provided self-sufficiency and defense.

Crusades

series of European military campaigns in the Middle East between 1095 and the 1200s

Renaissance

period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic forces managed to conquered much of the northern portion of South Asia. Bringing Islam into India, the \______________ reigned for 300 years, from the 13th through the 16th centuries

Bhakti Movement

Rather than emphasize studying texts or performing rituals, the Hindu \___________ focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity

Srivijaya Empire

The \__________________(670-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China

Majapahit Kingdom

The \_____________ (1293-1520) was a Buddhist kingdom based on Java that sustained its power by controlling sea routes

Khmer Empire

The \________________, also known as the Angkor Kingdom (802-1431) had irrigation and drainage systems that led to economic prosperity, making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia

Song Dynasty

After the Tang collapsed, a new dynasty, the \______________ (960-1279), was able to restore order. China continued its golden age

Imperial Bureaucracy

vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's policies. It had been a feature of Chinese government since the Qin Dynasty

Xuanzang

7th century Buddhist monk who helped build Buddhism's popularity in China

Theravada Buddhism

focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. Followers give their possessions away. It became strongest in Southeast Asia

Mahayana Buddhism

focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. Followers can keep possessions but must financially support monasteries. It became strongest in China and Korea

Tibetan Buddhism

in \____________ there is a focus on chanting

Monasteries

buildings where monks lived together, appeared in most major cities. \___________ were often built along trade routes and functioned as inns. This helped spread Buddhism

Neo-Confucianism

\______________ evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Champa Rice

fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from a Kingdom in present-day Vietnam, greatly expanded agricultural production in China

Grand Canal

The \___________ supported a vibrant internal trade while advances in naval technology allowed China to control trade in the South China Sea

Heian Period

During the \___________ (794-1185) Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature

Feudalism

social system used in both Europe and Japan

Cahokia

Mississippians built enormous earthen mounds, some of which were as tall as 100 feet and covered an area the size of 12 football fields. The largest of these mounds is \_________, located in southern Illinois

Mayan Civ

reached its height between 250 and 900 CE, stretched over the southern part of Mexico and much of what is now Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala

Chaco

The \_________ people built large housing structures using stones and clay, some of which included hundreds of rooms

Mesa Verde

The people of \______________ built multi-story homes into the sides of cliffs using bricks make of sandstone

Mexica

The Aztecs, also known as the \_________, were originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s

Incan Empire

extended from present-day Ecuador in the north to Chile in the south

Hausa

Sometime before 1,000, in what is now Nigeria, people of the \__________ ethnic group formed seven states, the \__________ Kingdoms. The states were loosely connected

Zimbabwe

most powerful of all the East African kingdoms between the 12th and 15th centuries; was tied into the Indian Ocean trade

Ethiopia

In modern-day \_____________, the kingdom of Axum developed. It prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa

Silk Roads

Arab merchants from the Abbasid Empire revived the land route of the \_____________

Compass

During the Han Dynasty, Chinese scientists developed the magnetic \___________ and improved the rudder, both of which helped aid navigation and ship control along the seas

Kashgar & Samarkand

cities located along the Silk Road

Caravanserai

Once the routes of the Silk Roads became stabilized, inns known as \__________ sprang up, often about 100 miles apart

Flying Cash

system of credit that allowed a merchant to deposit paper money under his name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location

Banking houses

At a \_____________, a person could present a bill of exchange - a document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date - and receive that amount of money in exchange

Genghis Khan

The Mongol leader Temujin, born in 1162, spent the early decades of his life creating a series of tribal alliances and defeating neighboring groups one by one; he was elected leader of the Mongolian Kingdom

Yam System

Mongol system for delivering messages; similar to the Pony Express system

Uyghur alphabet

Genghis Khan's effort to unify his empire included directing a scribe captured in 1204 to adapt the \____________ to represent Mongol; it is still used in Mongolia today

Mongol Khanates

Yuan, Ilkhanate, Chagatai, Golden Horde

Indian Ocean Trade

India is at the center of these sea routes

Swahili Coast

Slaves, ivory, and gold traded on the Indian Ocean came from \______________ cities of Mombasa, Mogadishu, and Sofala

Monsoon winds

Knowledge of \______________ was essential for trading in the Indian Ocean

Lateen Sails

were popular because sailors found that the triangular shape could easily catch winds coming from many different directions

Junks

Chinese traders often used \___________, which were similar to dhows. \_________ had multiple sails, were 400 feet long, and could carry large amounts of cargo

Astrolabe

The \___________, improved by Muslim navigators in the 12th century, allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator

Sultanate of Malacca

Muslim city-state, that became wealthy by building a navy and by imposing fees on ships that passed through the Strait that many ship captains used to travel between ports in India and ports in China

Gujarat

The western Indian Rajput kingdom of \____________, was the go-between for trade between the East and West

Zheng He

In 1405, the Ming emperor Yongle sent \___________ on the first of seven great voyages; main purposes of the voyages were to display the might of the Ming Dynasty

Trans-Saharan Trade

Muslim merchants from Southwest Asia traveled across the \________________ routes using camels

Camel saddles

invention that allowed people to more easily ride camels

Caravans

The \__________ that crossed the Sahara often had thousands of camels laden with trade goods

Timbuktu

city in Mali that became a world-renowned center of Islamic learning

Mali

Powerful west African trading society; North African traders had introduced Islam to \_______ in the 9th century

Papermaking

Chinese invention that reached Europe in the 13th century and led to a rise in literacy

Gunpowder

Chinese technology that influenced warfare

Bubonic Plague

was introduced to Europe along trading routes; killed about half the people in Constantinople in the 14th century