joint/muscle/movements/contractions

ib sports sci

fibrous joint

• no movement

• ex) skull, sacrum-ilium joint

cartilaginous joint

• little movement

• ex) vertebrae

synovial joint

• most movement

articular cartilage

• located on the ends of bone, reduces friction and absorbs shock

synovial membrane

• makes and secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

• decreases friction, lubricates joints, provides nutrients

bursae

• fluid filled sacs found between tendons, ligaments and bones.

• cushions and reduces friction

meniscus

• stability

• fibro-cartilage tissue

articular capsule

• outer boundary

• fibrinous tissue

• stability

ligaments

• bone to bone in synovial joints

• stability

• prevents dislocation

• elastic/stretches

cartilage

• tough

• flexible

• bone to bone in a cartilage joint

• allows limited movement

• prevents frictions

tendon

• attaches muscle to bone

• provides stability in synovial joints

• non-elastic (no stretch)

• allows movement of bones

hinge joint

• flexion/extension

• ex) elbow (humerus/ulna/radius), ankle (fibula/tibia

ball and socket joint

• can move in all directions

• highest range of motion

• ex) hip (femur into hip), shoulder (humerus/scapula)

condyloid joint

• move two ways (up and down, side to side)

• ex) radius w/ carpal bones in wrist, metacarpals w/ phalanges in hand

pivot joint

• pronation and supanation

• ex) radius w/ ulna

gliding/plane joint

• least amount of movement

  • ex) vertebrae, carpals, tarsals

saddle joint

• two directions (up and down, side to side)

• NOT like condyloid - different shape

• ex) carpal and metacarpal of thumb

flexion

• sagittal plane

• angle of the joint gets smaller

extension

• sagittal plane

• open the angle of the joint

• hyper extension**

abduction

• frontal plane

• movement away from the midline

adduction

• frontal plane

• movement towards the midline

• “adding’ to the body

medial rotation

• transverse plane

• inward

• at hip

  • rotate leg towards the midline

lateral rotation

• transverse plane

• outward

• at hip

  • rotate leg away from the midline

dorsiflexion

• ankle

• toes are facing the body

plantar flexion

• ankle

• toes are pointing away from body

pronation

• wrist

  • palms facing down

• foot

  • landing on the medial part of the foot

  • “big toe”

supination

• wrist

  • palms facing up

  • "holding soup”

• foot

  • landing on the lateral part of the foot

eversion

• ankle

• sole is facing outwards

• “exit”

inversion

• ankle

• sole is facing inwards

horizontal abduction/extension

• shoulder

• transverse plane

• away from midline

horizontal adduction/flexion

• shoulder

• transverse plane

• towards the midline

circumduction

• circular movement

• ex) shoulders, hips, wrist

elevation

• upward

depression

• downward

examples of elevation and depression

• shoulder shrugs

• chewing

what does range of motion depend on?

• genetics

  • where your tendons and ligaments connect

• training

• stretching

• injury

concentric contraction

• muscle fibers are getting smaller during contraction while generating force

• agonist (prime mover)

isometric contraction

• muscle is staying the same length while under contraction

  • planks, wall sits

eccentric contraction

• muscle fibers are getting longer during contraction

• increased muscle tears, increased DOMS

• antagonist

isotonic contraction

• muscles have the same amount of tension between the eccentric and concentric movement

isokinetic movement

• same speed between eccentric and concentric movements

  • biking

muscle relaxation

• muscle is not generating force in a contraction