APUSH Chap 2

Virginia

1607

Chesapeake Colony

Who: The London Company and men looking for new opportunities

Why: To find economic success, particularly in the form of gold

Economy: Started out very poorly, due to a lack of gold and a poor site choice (swampy and malaria ridden). Eventually sustained themselves with tobacco and indigo production

Social: Low morale, horrible living conditions

Jamestown

Established 1607. The first successful English colony. Started off poorly until John Rolfe discovered that tobacco could be easily cultivated in the area

London Company

The company that financed Jamestown, and later the rest of Virginia. Renamed the Virginia Company

The “starving time”

The winter of 1609-1610, when the natives started barring the colonists of Jamestown from moving further inland. They were barricaded in a small plot of land with little food, and no way to hunt or farm. Colonists ate anything they could find, including human corpses.

House of Burgesses

1619

Members of various communities met. It was the first meeting of an elected legislature within the US

Captain John Smith

leader of Jamestown

Bacon’s Rebellion

* 1676
* the largest and most powerful insurrection against established authority in the history of the colonies


* Nathaniel Bacon was a member of the backcountry gentry in VA


* backcountry landowners were at constant threat of Native attacks, as they were living on their land
* the governor of VA enforced laws that did not allow the farmers to fight back against Native attacks as they would like
* in 1675, a Native tribe raided a plantation and killed a white
* the whites retaliated and fought with the Natives
* Bacon lead army to Jamestown first to get a pardon from the governor
* the second time Bacon’s army went to Jamestown, they burned it down and exiled the governor

John Rolfe

1612, experimented with crossing a harsh strain of local tobacco crossed with a Spanish strain. It was a massive success and started an economic boom with its spread in the Chesapeake colonies

Powhatan

The leader of a local allied tribal force, who fought against the expansion of Jamestown.

Pocahontas

The daughter of Powhatan who was kidnapped in an effort to suppress the Natives. Her father refused to ransom her, and she converted to Christianity and married John Rolfe. She later moved to England and created interest in “Indian” civilization efforts.

Headright System

A system created in Virginia as a promotion to settlers to move there. A certain amount of land was allocated to a person depending on their status (single male, child, servant). It also encouraged large groups and families to move

Sir William Berkeley

• 1642 first governor of Virginia

• started popular - expanded territory, defeated Natives

• became autocrat - limited voting body and representation

Plymouth Plantation

* a group of Separatists illegally left England for Holland
* they were not allowed high paying jobs and their children were too Dutch, so they wanted to find a new home


* lead by William Bradford, 35 Separatists and others left on the Mayflower for the new world (they did not call themselves Pilgrims)

“Saints”

Puritan Separatists

Mayflower Compact

• the settlers, having landed in an unintended location, realized they had no legal basis to be there

• consequently, they wrote the this document, establishing a government and claiming allegiance to the king

• the document was signed by “saint” and non “saint” men

• the first document proclaiming self governance in the US

William Bradford

Religious and political leader of the Separatist “pilgrims”

Squanto

a Native American who had been previously captured and brought to England, and therefore knew English. With another NA, he helped the Pilgrims when they first arrived

Plymouth

The area just north of the cape of Cape Cod, named by Captain John Smith

Massachusetts

1629

Who: The Massachusetts Bay Company bought out by Puritans

Why: Initially an economic venture, after King Charles I cracked down on non Roman Catholics, especially Puritans, the Company members wished to create a religious haven.

Economy: subsistence agriculture and trading

Social: harsh, Puritan government, original settlers wanted to be a perfect example of a good Christian community

Boston

• the first colony established by the Massachusetts Bay Company

• was built on a hill to imitate biblical paradise

• all voters and elected officials had to be Puritan

• religious discontent due to severely more powerful Puritans with their theocratic government

• intended to be a beacon of Christian godliness

“City upon a hill”

a biblical reference to the ideal Christian community Boston was envisioned to represent

Congregational Church

* The founders of MA had no intention of breaking from the Church of England, but showed little attachment.
* In each town, the church was highly independent, ministers were hired and affairs were internally regulated.
* They learned by reading from the Bible and listening to ministers that spoke of their personal beliefs
* Predestination

Anne Hutchinson

* antagonized colonial leaders by supposing they were not members of the elect
* went against traditional Puritan roles for women
* collected lg following among women and the oppressed
* banished during heresy trial
* moved to RI and later New Amsterdam (York) only to be killed in a Native uprising in 1643

King Philip‘s War

• longest and deadliest white v NA encounter in 17th century

• 1675

• “King Philip” (metacomet in the tribes) was the leader of the Wampanoags and was convinced that the only way to protect themselves against English expansion was to fight

• they rose up against the English in MA, for 3 years terrorizing a string of towns, destroying twenty and killing up to 1000

• the settlers allied with the Mohawks, killed Metcomet, and broke the truce between the tribes, crushing the uprising

John Winthrop

* first governor of MA
* organized migration and commanded the expedition to the New World

John Cotton

a prominent MA minister

General Court

• formed in 1629 by Puritan shareholders

• served as form of government for Massachusetts Bay Colony

• one of first forms of government after separation from England

The Great Migration

The first large migration of a few by the same name, in which around 10,000 Puritans all moved to MA in a span of about 10 years

Theocracy

a society with little to no boundaries separating church and state

Maryland

Who: Founded by Lord Baltimore. The colony became full of Protestants

Why: George Calvert dreamed of a Catholic haven

Economy: Tobacco

Social: Unrest between the Catholic upper class and Protestant lower class required an act of toleration

Lord Baltimore

George Calvert’s son got a debt from the King paid off in way of a land grant

Catholic Haven

George Calvert’s dream was for MD to become a safe place for oppressed Catholics

Toleration Act

There was unrest between the powerful Catholic minority and lower class Protestant minority in MD. This made the Calverts pass an act letting any denomination of Christianity freely practice

Connecticut

Who: Thomas Hooker and his congregation. Other nearby settlers

Why: Hooker wanted to create his own independent colony

Economy: small scale agriculture, tradesmen, shipbuilding

Fundamental Orders

The Constitution of Connecticut. Established among Hartford and other towns

Thomas Hooker

• minister in Cambridge

• defined the MA government in 1635 and led his congregation to establish Hartford

Carolinas

Who: A company looking to make money and settlers looking for new opportunities

Why: money and opportunities

Economy: tobacco, rice, indigo

Social: Unrest between backcountry farmers and upcountry gentry (north and south)

North Carolina

Who: backcountry farmers

Why: split from the south because they had the seat of government and were not helping the northerners in their struggles with NAs

South Carolina

Who: upcountry gentry

Why: split from the north because the north hated them

Charles Town

The most populous town/city in the south for centuries

New York

Who: King Charles’s brother James, Duke of York. Immigrants from across Europe

Why: $$$

Economy: small scale agriculture, tradesmen, shipbuilding

Social: extremely diverse, no imposed religion, local governments, unequal distribution of power causing unrest

Patroonships

Dutch feudal states in New Amsterdam given to those who attracted settlers

New Sweden

colony founded along the Delaware river; the Dutch settlers crushed it

New Amsterdam

The name of New York when it was Dutch owned

Pennsylvania

Who: William Penn and Quakers

Why: They wanted freedom from religious persecution in England and most of New England

Economy: farming and later mining

Social: Unrest amongst the non-Quakers in modern DE due to Penn’s originally absolute power

Quakers

• founded in the mid 17th century by George Fox and Margaret Fell

• peace, love, and understanding

• democratic

• persecuted

Inner light

Quakers were supposed to achieve salvation by cultivating this

William Penn

• Quaker founder of PA

• supervised the construction of Philadelphia - name meaning “brotherly love”

• good relations with NAs

Frame of Government

A constitution for Pennsylvania. It has lasting historical importance as an important step in the development of American and world democracy.

Philadelphia

• a city in PA

• name means “brotherly love”

Vermont

Battled over by NH and NY

Maine and New Hampshire

Who: Some religious dissidents from MA. Not many

Why: MA had a very strict religious government

Economy: small scale agriculture, tradesmen

Rhode Island

Who: Roger Williams and any oppressed people from MA, like Anne Hutchinson

Why: MA thought he was a radical because Williams wanted separation of church and state

Economy: small scale agriculture, tradesmen, shipbuilding

Social: ongoing political and religious dissent

Roger Williams

• Puritan Separatist

• wanted separation of church and state to protect the church from corruption

• banished from MA

• bought land from Narragansett and established RI

Georgia

Who: James Oglethorpe, some debtors, mainly poor tradesmen, and no Catholics or Africans

Why: Oglethorpe wanted a military border with Spain and a refuge for the impoverished

Economy: not doing well. Farming

Social: Everyone hated Oglethorpe’s strict rules, like no rum, limited land allotments, regulated trade with NAs

Oglethorpe

• founder of Georgia

• created strict rules that nobody liked

• wanted to create a military border with Spain

• wanted a refuge for the poor

Savannah

A melting pot town in early colonial Georgia

Barbados

• close ties with SC

• slave culture

• sugar plantations

Sugar cultivation

A very labor intensive job given to African slaves in Barbados

Tobacco

The main crop in the Chesapeake colonies. Discovered to be easily cultivated by John Rolfe. Transformed colonial society by necessitating territorial expansion

Puritans

• a sect of Christianity

• belief in predestination

• congregational churches

Pequot War 1637

• first major conflict with NAs

• result of competition over trade and land

• settlers allied with other NA tribes

• raiders burned a Pequot stronghold, nearly wiping out the tribe

Separatists

Puritans who wanted to be separate from the Church of England

Proprietors

Those who received land grants and “ruled” their colonies

Indentured Servants

Young people bound to another for a certain period of time to get passage to America, food, and shelter. They created tension and unrest when they were let go without all of their promised benefits

James River

The river Jamestown colonists first found when they got to America

The elect

In the Puritan religion, these were the people God chose to send to heaven

Quitrents

A tiny fee akin to a rent that was really just showing loyalty to the king

Hudson River

The original destination of the Plymouth Pilgrims

Navigation Acts

• regulated colonial trade to England

• restricted what colonies could sell to England

• forced colonists to build ships

Mercantilism

The idea that wealth is finite, so a country must prioritize exports, and import as little as possible. This can be achieved through colonies.

Glorious Revolution

The peaceful takeover of Protestant Mary II and William from Catholic James II

Sir Edmund Andros

• Governor of the Dominion of New England

• brusque, crude, unpopular, rigid

• overthrown after James II removed

Dominion of New England

• created to enforce Navigation Acts

• governed by Sir Edmund Andros

• combined New England with NY and NJ

• ended with James II’s reign

Leisler’s Rebellion

Jacob Leisler led a revolt and became the unstable unofficial government of NY for two years

Freemen

The stockholders of a company. The definition later changed to include all male citizens