Chapter 2: Overview of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology

Central Nervous system =

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system =

Nerves extending out from CNS

Peripheral nervous system

• _______ - skeletal muscles and systems with voluntary control

Somatic

Peripheral nervous system

• _______ - involuntary system of the body

Autonomic

Peripheral nervous system - Autonomic

• ________ - fight, flight, or freeze

sympathetic

Peripheral nervous system - Autonomic

• __________ - return to rest

Parasympathetic

Brain structures include:

• Cerebrum

• Brainstem

• Cerebellum

_____ matter: made up of neuron cell bodies

gray matter

_____ matter: made up of neuron axons

white matter

Cells include…

• neurons

• glial cells

______- communication to create all sensation, movement, thought, and emotion

neurons

Neurons:

_____ - where processing occurs

Soma

Neurons:

______ - sends signals (often covered with _____ to increase speech of signal transmission)

Axon (myelin)

Neurons:

_______ - receives signals

Dendrites

______ cells: provide structure, cleaning, support, sustenance

Glial Cells

types of glial cells:

• microglia

• astrocytes

• Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann Cells (PNS)

____ = hill, elevation

Gyrus

_____ = groove, enfolding

Sulus

______ = grove, enfolding can also be called

Fissure

What are the lobes of the brain

• Frontal

• Parietal

• Temporal

• Occipital

Frontal lobe includes the…

• pre-frontal

• Superior

• posterior

• inferior

Which part of the frontal lobe is responsible for cognition

Pre-frontal

Which part of the frontal lobe is responsible for motor

• superior

• posterior

Which part of the frontal lobe is responsible for language

inferior left hemisphere

Which part of the frontal lobe is responsible for emotional prosody production

Inferior right hemisphere

Sections of the Parietal lobe are…

• anterior

• superior

• inferior

Section of the parietal lobe responsible for sensory

anterior

Section of Parietal lobe responsible for attention and body awareness

Superior

Section of the parietal lobe responsible for language

inferior left hemisphere

Section of Parietal lobe responsible for emotional prosody comprehension

inferior right hemisphere

Sections of the Temporal lobe are…

• Superior/posterior

• Medial

• Inferior

Section of the temporal lobe responsible for Auditory, including language comprehension

superor & posterior

Section of the temporal lobe responsible for memory

Medial (Hippocampus)

Section of the temporal lobe responsible for interpretation of visual signals

Inferior

This section of the temporal lobe is responsible for theory of mind, reading, and writing

Temporoparietal Junction

The occipital lobe includes…

• The entire lobe

• Dorsal pathway

• ventral pathway

What section of the occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing

entire lobe

The _______ “_____” pathway = occipital → _______

• Dorsal pathway

• “where”

• parietal

The dorsal pathway is responsible for…

where things are in space

The ______ “_____” pathway = occipital → ________

• Ventral pathway

• “what”

• temporal

Functions of the insula

• regulation of autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, pain)

• special sensory system functions (hearing, taste, smell)

• social cognition (theory of mind, emotion, empathy)

• Attention

• Speech production

_______ ______ matter is made up of ____ tracts

Subcortical white matter is made up of axon tracts

_____ tracts: connect areas within a hemisphere

Association tracts

Name the association tracts

• Arcuate fasciculus

• Uncinate fasciculus

• Frontal aslant tract

• superior longitudinal fasciculus

• inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus

connection of the arcuate fasciculus

parietotemporal → frontal

connection of the uncinate fasciculus

anterior temporal → inferior frontal

connection of frontal aslant tract

medial frontal → inferior frontal

connection of superior longitudinal fasciculus

parietal → frontal

connection of the inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus

frontal → occipital

_______ tracts: connect left and right hemispheres

commissural tracts

name the commissural tract

corpus callosum

_______ tracts: connect the brain to brainstem/spinal cord

projection tracts

name the projection tract

pyramidal tracts

Name the Subcortical structures

• Basal ganglia

• thalamus

Subcortical structures

_______ ______: primarily motor, but also language & cognition

Basal ganglia

Name the structures of the basal ganglia

• caudate nucleus

• putamen

• globus pallidus

• subthalamic nucleus

• substantia nigra

functions of the thalamus

• sensory

• mood

• language

• cognition

• consciousness

________: Connection between brain and spinal cord

Brainstem

The brainstem contains _____ nerve nuclei and vital ____ _____

• cranial

• function systems

  • respiration

  • cardiac function

  • swallowing

Regions of the midbrain (superior to inferior)

• midbrain

• pons

• medulla oblongata

There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves

12

Function of cranial nerves

carry motor and/or sensory signals to/from head and neck regions

Cranial nerves

_____ system: upper motor neuron (from motor cortex) synapse into lower motor neuron in brainstem

Motor

Cranial Nerves

_______ system: string of 3 or more neurons carry signals from body to sensory cortex

sensory system

What are the sensorimotor functions of the cerebellum

• coordination & timing

• motor learning

Name the functional regions of the cerebellum

• vestibulocerebellum

• spinocerebellum

• cerebrocerebellum

The Vestibulocerebellum region is responsible for…

• balance

• movement planning

• initiation

• timing

The spinocerebellum region is responsible for…

• posture

• locomotion

• upright posture

The cerebrocerebellum region is responsible for…

• motor planning

• coordination & timing

• cognition

_______: triple-layer of tissue surrounding CNS

Meninges

What are the three layers of meninges (superficial to deep)

• Dura mater (periosteal & meningeal layer)

• Arachnoid membrane (creates sub-arachnoid space)

• pia mater (Lays directly on brain surface)

Function of the meningies

• Protects the brain

• tethers brain within skull

• Houses cerebrospinal fluid in sub-arachnoid space

• restricts movement of the brain within the skull

________ system: 4 ventricles (cavities) and connections between them

Ventricular system

name the ventricles

• 2 lateral ventricles

• 1 third ventricle

• 1 fourth ventricle

which ventricle is being described

• 1 in each hemisphere

• interventricular foramen of monro (interventricular foramen)

2 lateral ventricles

which ventricle is being described

• Fills space between left & right thalami

• cerebral aqueduct

third ventricle

which ventricle is being described

• fills space between brainstem & cerebellum

• foramen of magendie, foramen of lushka, and spinal canal

  • allows CSF to flow into subarachnoid space

fourth ventricle

which artery supples the face and scalp

external carotid

which artery supplies the brain (overall)

internal carotid

which part of the internal carotid supplies the medial right and left hemispheres

anterior cerebral atery

which part of the internal carotid supplies the lateral right and left hemispheres

middle cerebral artery

_____ ____ ____: ring of arteries at the base of the brain

Circle of willis

_____ signal: increases chance of signal created by next neuron

excitatory signal

______ signal: decrease chance of signal created by next neuron

inhibitory

______ = point of communication between neurons

Synapse

_____ _____ = action potential within a neuron

electrical signal

_____ ______ are created by movement of positive & negative ions across neuron membrane

electrical signal

If a neuron receives enough excitatory signals, then ___ ____ is created

action potential

____ _____ = signal between neurons

chemical signal

Chemical signal

• once action potential reaches the axon terminal, __________ are released into the synapse

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters bind to ______ on receiving neurons

receptors

Neurotransmitters

• _____ signal: increases chance of receiving neuron will generate action potential

excitatory

Neurotransmitters

• ______ signal - decreases chance receiving neuron will generate action potential

inhibitory