[CASIE] PHA6113 LAB viscosity and Refractive index

It is a branch of physics that deals with the deformation and flow of matter

RHeology

It Is the internal friction or resistance to flow

Viscosity

The flow is driven by gravity

Capillary Method

The following procedures are used to determine the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid,

Capillary Method

Type of viscometer used in viscosity determination

Ostwald

its viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate

Newtonian Fluid

their viscosity can vary with shear rate, concentration, temperature, etc.

Non-Newtonian Fluid

Symbol of viscosity

n eta

Unit of viscosity

Centipoise

The principle of the method is to measure the force (torque) acting on a rotor when it rotates at a constant angular velocity or rotational speed in a liquid.

Rotational Method

Used for measuring the viscosity of fluids, both Newtonian and non-Newtonian.

Rotational Method

An official method

Rotational Method

Based on force

Rotational Method

The apparent viscosity is determined by rotating a cylinder- or disk (or disc)-shaped spindle immersed in a large volume of liquid

Spindle Viscometer

used similarly like a mixer with a rotor

Spindle Viscometer

The bigger spindle is for a _______ viscosity

lower

The smaller spindle is for a _______ viscosity

higher

spindle 1 is the

biggest

spidle 7 is the

smallest

Either outer cylinder (the cup) or the inner cylinder (the bob) rotates.

Cup and Bob Rheometers

Rotating-cup rheometers

Couette systems

rotating-bob rheometers

Searle Systems

the liquid is introduced into the fixed gap between a flat disk or plate and a cone forming a defined angle

Cone and plate rheometers

measurement can be performed by rotating the cone or the plate.

Cone and plate rheometers

similar to cone-and-plate rheometers

Parallel plate rheometers

the sample to be measured is introduced into the gap between a flat plate or disk (or disc) and another parallel flat plate or disk

Parallel plate rheometers

Science of the flow and deformation of matter

rheology

Relative value of the effect of refraction between two substances

Refractive index

Ratio of the velocity of light in air to its velocity in that material under like conditions

Refractive index

critical angle refractometer

Abbe refractometer

off

Switch is up

lamp and refractometer is on

Switch is in the middle

refractometer is on, lamp is off. The scale could be seen through the eyepiece

Switch is dowm

bending of light rays as they pass obliquely from one medium into another, of different optical density

Refraction

Relationship between the angle of incidence and refraction

Snell's Law

When referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air

Snell's Law

Most widely used type of refractometer

Abbe refractometer

Lamp (D line of sodium) which is a doublet or pair

Abbe refractometer

The wavelength of the abbe refractometer

589-589.6

What is the color that the lamp emits

yellow

sum of atomic, group and bond refraction in a molecule

Experimental molar refraction

based on chemical structure

Theoretical molar refraction

use the atomic, group, and bond refractions

Theoretical molar refraction