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Primary Alcohol
Carbon bonded to -OH is attached to one alkyl group.
Example: Propan-1-ol.
Classified by counting carbon neighbors of the -OH carbon.
Secondary Alcohol
Carbon bonded to -OH is attached to two alkyl groups.
Example: Propan-2-ol.
Identify by checking carbon's neighbors.
Tertiary Alcohol
Carbon bonded to -OH is attached to three alkyl groups.
Example: 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
More substituted center carbon.
Primary Haloalkane
Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to one other carbon.
Example: 1-chloropropane.
Look at the halogen-bearing carbon's neighbors.
Secondary Haloalkane
Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to two other carbons.
Example: 2-chloropropane.
Classification based on bonded carbon count.
Tertiary Haloalkane
Carbon bonded to halogen is attached to three other carbons.
Example: 2-chloro-2-methylpropane.
Most substituted center.
Primary Amine
Nitrogen bonded to one carbon group.
Example: Propanamine.
Count the carbon groups directly attached to nitrogen.
Secondary Amine
Nitrogen bonded to two carbon groups.
Example: N-methylpropanamine.
Identified by two carbon substituents on N.
Tertiary Amine
Nitrogen bonded to three carbon groups.
Example: N,N-dimethylpropanamine.
Fully substituted nitrogen center.
Structural isomer
Same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.
Different structural formulas.
Types: chain, position, functional group.
Chain isomerism
Isomers differ in carbon chain structure.
Straight-chain vs branched-chain.
Example: pentane vs 2-methylbutane.
Position isomerism
Same functional group, different positions on chain.
Example: hex-1-ene vs hex-2-ene vs hex-3-ene.
Functional group isomerism
Isomers have different functional groups.
Example: propanol (aldehyde) vs propanone (ketone).