SLP 320 - Speech Sounds Disorders

phonetics

study of speech sounds

phonology

study of how sounds are organized and patterned in language

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

phoneme

smallest unit of sound / /

phone

physical output of speech [ ]

morphology

units combined to form words

allophone

variation of phoneme

anatomical process of speech production

• respiratory (airflow)

• phonatory (vocal fold vibration)

• resonatory (shaping the sound)

• oro-nasal (mouth or nasal airflow)

• articulatory (movement of articulators)

respiratory system

provides airflow for speech (lungs → trachea → larynx) 

phonatory system

sound source for speech (vocal folds in larynx)

resonatory + oro-nasal system

modifying + shaping sound (pharyngeal, nasal, & oral cavities)

articulatory system

• lips

• upper teeth

• tongue

• alveolar ridge

• hard palate

• velum

• uvala

• pharynx

• epiglottis

phonological development

the process by which children learn to hear and produce speech sounds within a language

speech perception

listening and recognizing sounds

speech production

making sounds and words

phonological processes

young children simplifying words

consonant sounds

speech sounds made by partial or total block of air flow through vocal tract

vowel sounds

speech sounds made through an open vocal tract

voicing

presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

voiced vs unvoiced

voiced: vocal fold vibration (adduct)

voiceless: vocal folds are apart (abduct)

cognates

voiceless/voiced pairs of consonants

classifying consonants

• place of articulation (where)

• manner of articulation (how)

• voicing (present/absent vibration)

PLACE OF ARTICULATION 

bilabial

• upper and lower lips involved

• /p/, /b/, /m/

• /w/ is labiovelar

labiodental

• upper teeth resting on lower lip

• /f/, /v/

dental

• tongue (tip or blade) touching/against upper teeth

• /θ/, /ð/

alveolar

• tongue (tip or blade) on or near the upper alveolar ridge

• /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/

post-alveolar

• tongue blade behind the alveolar ridge, near the front of the hard palate

• /ʃ/ (sh) and /ʒ/ (zh)

alveopalatal

• beginning with the tongue (tip or blade) at the alveolar ridge, ending with the tongue front near the hard palate

• /t͡ʃ/ (ch) and /d͡ʒ/ (j)

palatal

• front of the tongue near the hard palate

• /j/ (y) and /ɹ/ (r)

velar

• back of the tongue near the soft palate (velum)

• /k/, /g/, /ŋ/

glottal

• constriction of the vocal folds

• /h/, /ʔ/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

sonorants

• open vocal tract

• unobstructed airflow

• all vowels; some consonants

• nasals, glides, liquids

obstruents

• obstructed airflow through vocal tract

• completely or partially impeded airflow

• some consonants; no vowels

• stops, fricatives, affricates

stops or plosives

• produced by two articulators temporarily stopping airflow while velum is raised, resulting in a sudden release of air that travels through the mouth

• voiceless: aspiration

• voiced: no aspiration

• /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

nasals

• produced by two articulators temporarily stopping airflow while velum is lowered, resulting in a sudden release of air that travels through the nose

• /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

glides

• produced with minimal friction by the smooth movement of the articulators

• /w/, /j/ (y)

fricatives

• produced by the partial obstruction of airflow by two articulators closely approximating one another to create turbulence

• /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

affricates

• produced as a combination of a stop + fricative

• /t͡ʃ/ (ch) and /d͡ʒ/ (j)

liquids

• produced with minimal friction and allows airflow over the sides of the tongue

• /l/, /ɹ/ (r)

systemic transcription

phonemes (mental representation)

impressionistic transcription

actual speech (articulation)

suprasegmental

pitch, stress, loudness, rate of speech

monophthongs

steady-state, single articulatory movement

diphthongs

dynamic, multiple movements during production

rhotics

vowels with r-coloring (rhotic diphthongs or tripthongs)

tongue height

• how near the tongue body is to the roof of the mouth

• high, mid, low

• vertical axis

tongue advancement

• tongue forward to back in oral cavity

• front, central, back

• horizontal x-axis

rounding

rounded vs unrounded

tenseness

tense vs lax

front vowels

• /i/ as in beet

• /ɪ/ as in ship

• /eɪ/ as in rain

• /ɛ/ as in bed

• /æ/ as in cat

central vowels

• /ə/ as in alive (unstressed)

• /ʌ/ as in up (stressed)

• /ɚ/ as in mother (unstressed)

• /ɝ/ as in bird (stressed)

back vowels

/u/ as in boot

/ʊ/ as in book

/o/ as in boat

/ɔ/ as in bought

/a/ as in hot

diphthongs

• /aɪ/ as in ice

• /aʊ/ as in count

• /ɔɪ/ as in toy

• /eɪ/ as in wait

• /oʊ/ as in soap

rhotics

• /ɪɚ/ as in fear

• /ɛɚ/ as in fair

• /ʊɚ/ as in cure

• /ɔɚ/ as in four

• /ɑɚ/ as in far

• /aɪɚ/ as in fire

• /aʊɚ/as in hour

double long diacritic (ː)

open syllable (see)

half-long diacritic (ˑ)

closed syllable w/voiced consonant (seed)

short diacritic (◌̄)

closed syllable w/voiceless consonant (seat)

voiceless vowels

• in between two voiceless stops/consonants

• vowel reduction to a schwa

• ex. first o in potato is voiceless

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

phonetic symbols that represent speech sounds across all languages

virgules vs brackets

virgules (/) = written

brackets ([ ]) = spoken

coarticulation

speech sounds influencing each other

stress

• amount of emphasis placed on a sound, syllable, word

• duration, pitch, loudness