Psych Cognitive learning

Leaning

Long lasting change in behavior due to experience

Classical Conditioning

--Type of associative learning

--Founded by Ivan Pavlov

This is passive learning (automatically)

Unconditional Stimulus

Something that elicits a natural, reflexive response

Ex. The smell of food

Unconditional Response

The response to the unconditional stimulus

ex. salivation

Neutral Response

Something that by itself elicits no response

ex. a bell ringing

Acquisition

after a while, the body begins to link the neutral stimulus with the Unconditional stimulus

Ex. a dog salvates when it gets food, but now there is a bell everytime before he gets food. So now the dog salvates at the sound of the bell, the salvation at the bell is the acquisition

Tips and tricks for stimulus and response

Neutral Stimulus = Conditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response = Conditioned Response

Extinction

the moment the Conditioned stimulus is no longer assoicated with the unconditioned stimulus,

Spontaneous Recovery

sometimes after extinction, the conditioned response still randomly appears after the conditioed stimulus is present

Ex. When the girl got squirted on by Mr. Loh after saying pan, and resulted her in flinching, but if someone else says pan now, she may flinch

Generilzation

We make stimuli that are similar to the stimuli, but not identical, to the original stimuli

EX. If a dog is conditioned to salvate at a bell, it may salvate at other sounds similar to the bell like a doorbell

Discrimination

Something so different to the conditioned stimulus that you don't even get a conditioned response

EX. If the dog only salvates to the bell, and not to any other sounds

Higher-order conditioning

learning to associate something new with something that already triggers a response, creating a chain of associations

EX. A child has a fear of dogs beacause it bit him once. Now he fears anything that looks like a dog, like a furry toy. The toy is linked to the fear of dogs

Biological Preparedness

we have a predisposition to be conditioned to fear certain items over others

Learned Test Aversions

A strong dislike for a certain food even because you associate it with feeling sick, even if the food wasn't really the reason.

Ex. Me and eggs

Operant conditioning

Learning based on consequence

The Law of Effect

Made by Edward Thorndike

--behavior changes because of its consequences

--rewards strengthen behaviors

--if consequences are unpleasant, the stimulus-reward connection will weaken

Ex. You study a lot for a test and you get a good grade, you are going to study hard more often cause you got a good grade

B.F. Skinner behavioral perspective

Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way of desired behavior

building a tower brick by brick

Cumulative recorder

attached to the skinner box and it graphs the organisms response rate

Steeper means faster response rate

Shallow slope means slower response rate

Positive Reinforcement

when you add something good to increase a behavior

ex. you get a good grade and you get $20. you gonna study and get good grades now

Negative reinforcement

the removal of something unpleasant to increase a behavior

Ex. You have a headache, and then you take a medicine and makes your headache go away. You're most likely going to take the medicne to make the headache go away

Escape learning

Getting out of something that's currently happening

Ex. The fire alarm goes off and you leave the building

Avoidance learning

preventing something bad before it even starts

ex. you skipped a test that you knew was today

Positive Punishment

addition of something unpleasant to decrease behavior. Adding something bad

Ex. You're driving too fast and you get a speeding ticket. You're going to stop driving fast in the future

Negative punishment

You remove something good to decrease a behavior

Ex. You're playing the game when you should be doing your homework, you parents take away the game. This makes you do your homework instead of playing the game in the future

Chaining Behaviors

Subjects are taught a number of responses successively in order to get a reward

EX. Rat basketball, you score you get a treat

Primary Reinforcer

Things that are naturally rewarding and satisfy basic needs

Ex. we need food to survive, sleep, water, love

Secondary Reinforcer

Things that become rewarding becasue they are linked to primary reinforcer

ex. good grades, money, praise

Instinctive Drift

the tendency for trained animals revert back to their natural instinct

Classical Vs. Operant

Classical:

--Involuntary responses

--Stimulus and Response

--more passive

--stimulus comes before the response

Operant:

--Voluntary Responses

--associates behavior with a consequence (punishments), making the behavior more likely to not occur again

--reinforcement or punishment comes after the behavior

--more active

Continuous Reinforcement

When the behavior gets reinforced every time it happens

Ex. Putting money into a vending machine and getting your snack

A dog getting a treat every time he sits down on command

Partial Reinforcement

Behavior is only reinforced some of the times it happens

4 types

1. Fixed - set amount

2. Variable - random ammount

3. Ratio - based on certain # of responses

4. Interval - based on time

Ex. playing a slot machine, you are not going to win every time

Vicarious learning

learning by observing others

ex. a kid learns not to touch a stove after another kid burns his hand on the stove

Latent Learning

learning that happens without you even realizing it, and you show that you learned it when you need to remember it

Ex. Knowing how to get to a friends house even though you've only ever been driven there

Insight Learning

the "ah ha" moment when you suddenly understand something or figure out a solution to a problem, not through trial and error, but just by sudden flash of understanding.

Ex. a chimpanzee tries reaching for a bannana hanging high up. He realizes that he can just stack boxes to climb and reach the bannana

Fixed Ratio

When a reward is g iven after a set number of responses

Ex. A factory worker gets paid after ever 10 shirts that he makes

Fixed Interval

A reward is given after a set of time

Ex. You get paid by the hour

Variable Ratio

When a behavior is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses

Ex. You finally win big on the slot machine; you don’t know when you are going to win

Variable Interval

where a reward is given after a unpredictable amount of time

Ex. You are waiting for a response from a baddie, and you check your messages at random intervals

A person repeatedly checks their email, hoping for a response from a potential employer. This behavior follows which type of reinforcement schedule?

a) Fixed Interval

b) Variable Interval

c) Fixed Ratio

d) Variable Ratio

b) Variable Interval

John was always punished for staying out too late. He eventually stopped coming home late. Which form of conditioning is being used here?

a) Positive Reinforcement

b) Negative Punishment

c) Positive Punishment

d) Negative Reinforcement

c) Positive Punishment

Tom keeps getting his clothes dirty because he has learned that his mother will wash them for him. This is an example of:

a) Negative Reinforcement

b) Positive Reinforcement

c) Positive Punishment

d) Escape Learning

a) Negative Reinforcement

After experiencing a food poisoning incident, Jacob can’t stand the smell of the food he ate even though it didn’t cause the sickness. This is an example of:

a) Classical Conditioning

b) Biological Preparedness

c) Latent Learning

d) Operant Conditioning

b) Biological Preparedness/ Learned Test Aversions

In a reality show, contestants are rewarded with money after completing a challenge, but they do not know when the reward will come. This is an example of:
a) Fixed Ratio
b) Variable Ratio
c) Fixed Interval
d) Variable Interval

b) Variable Ratio

A mother teaches her child to brush their teeth by rewarding small steps toward the goal, like holding the toothbrush, putting toothpaste on it, and finally brushing their teeth. This is an example of:

a) Shaping

b) Insight Learning

c) Chaining

d) Vicarious Learning

a) Shaping

building blocks

A person gets their social media posts liked unpredictably, causing them to post more frequently. This is an example of:

a) Fixed Interval

b) Variable Interval

c) Fixed Ratio

d) Variable Ratio

d) Variable Ratio

A person trains their dog to sit by rewarding it every time it sits. After several weeks, the dog continues sitting on command, even without being given a treat every time. This shows:

a) Extinction

b) Variable Interval Reinforcement

c) Continuous Reinforcement

d) Partial Reinforcement

d) Partial Reinforcement

Sarah finds a pattern in solving puzzles by suddenly realizing the trick after seeing a few examples. This is an example of:

a) Insight Learning

b) Latent Learning

c) Shaping

d) Vicarious Learning

a) Insight Learning

ah ha moment