Untitled Flashcards Set

What is overgeneralization in reasoning?

Basing conclusions on insufficient or multiple observations. “those people are never satiated” is an example of overgeneralization.

What reduces selective observations in research?

Setting aside preconceived opinions and using scientific methods. “ those people are never satisfied” is an example of selective observation.

What type of reasoning leads to conclusions based on invalid assumptions?

Illogical reasoning.

How can resistance to change be reduced?

By avoiding ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, and uncritical agreement with authority.

Why conduct research for policy motivations?

To assess programs and policies for success and improve outcomes.

What does descriptive research aim to provide?

It attempts to define, describe, or observe social phenomena, answering who, what, when, where, and how many.

What is exploratory research focused on?

It seeks to understand what is occurring and helps develop explanations for events or phenomena.

What does evaluation research determine?

The effects of social programs or types of interventions.

What is the main goal of explanatory research?

To find cause and effect relationships and predict changes in phenomena.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Quantitative uses numbers; qualitative uses words without direct numerical interpretation.

What are the three criteria for a good research question?

Feasibility, social importance, and scientific relevance.

What defines a theory in research?

A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality.

What does a hypothesis imply?

That a change in one variable is related to a change in another variable.

What is deductive reasoning?

It begins with a general idea (theory) and moves toward specific reality (data).

What is inductive reasoning?

It begins with specific reality and moves toward a general idea.

What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?

The independent variable is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

What is the purpose of an internal review board (IRB)?

To ensure the protection of human subjects in research.

What are the principles of the Belmont Report?

Respect, beneficence, and justice in research involving human subjects.

What is triangulation in research?

Using multiple methods or sources to enhance the validity of research findings.

What is conceptualization in research?

The process of defining a concept and its related dimensions.

What is operationalization?

The process of measuring a concept by defining how it will be measured in practice.

What is a closed-ended survey question?

A question that provides specific response options for participants.

What is a level of measurement in research?

The way in which variables are quantified or categorized.

What cannot be done with nominal level measures?

They cannot be rank ordered.

What are the different forms of validity in research?

Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

What are the forms of reliability in research?

Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency.