Topic 2 -Paper 3

What is sustainable development ?

-Regarded as meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future .

-Environmental sustainability

-Economic sustainability

-Social sustainability

The SDG’s

-There are 17 goals

-They are not legally binding but governments are expected to develop systems to achieve these goals

-The SDG’s challenge world leaders to continue combatting poverty ,reduce inequality and tackle environmental degredation

-The united nations development programme provides support to integrate these SDG’S to into their national policies

-They are global strategy they can still be implemented at a regional and local level

What are the criticsm ?

-Some countries believe that their should be fewer goals

-there is no accountability mechanism for coutries that don’t integrate these policies

-Agreement was reached overall 17 goals however the meaning of them individually can be interpreted differently

-The goals are underfunded ,p lacing pressure on more developed regions to find the funds so they may put emphasis on one goal over the other

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HDI

Human development index

-Measures health (life expectancy at birth )

-Education (mean years of expected schooling )

-Standard of living (gross national income )

Gender inequality index

-Using three dimensions

-The labour market -measured by women’s participation in the workforce

-Empowerement-meaured by the share of women who hold seats held by men and women,the ratio of women and men aged 25 and over who have achieved a secondary or higher education.

-Reproductive health-maternal mortality rate MR=Number of live births/Number of maternal deaths​×100,000

Benefits of removing barriers for women

-Targeting the skills and talents of women in the workforce increases productivity and output by 25% in some countries

-Women who are empowered usually have less children who are healthier and more educated

-Women who have control over their incomes reinvest into their communities ,boosting economic development

-Women in politics -: policy choices and institutions become more representative of a wider range of people ,paid parental leave, aordable child care and exible work arrangements

CASE STUDY

-Colombia has had one of the longest armed conflicts since last 1950’s

-It is one of the most unequal countries in the world despite its large nautral wealth -coal,gold,nickel

-Poverty is high and concentrated in rural regions

-The conflict incentivised women to push for equal rights and against gender based violence

-Colombia has improved it’s to encourage gender equality

-In 2011 32% of the government were women compared to 11%in 1998

-The quota law of 2000 stated that women must occupy at least 30% of appointed positions in the executive, legislative and judicial branches and at all levels of government

-Girls enrollment in secondary school out pefromed the enrollment of boys

-Women literary has out-performed boys literary

-Maternal mortality has decreased

-26.6% of women now own a property, which was impossible in the past

Why is empowering indigenous groups and people important

-Indigenous people are minority groups and they are marginalised ,isolated and routinely violated by state authorities

-They mostly live in extreme poverty and have poor health (make less than 2.15 a day )

-They frequently face eviction from ancestral land and suffer restricted access to education,healthcare and housing

-There are more than 5 000 different Indigenous Peoples a

Give me a case study

The international fund for agricultural development supports projects to help agriculture in LIC and eliminate rural poverty

-Indigenous people here are mainly substinence farmers suffering from exploitation by non indigenous farmers and settlers

-production and productivity are low due to environmental issues and soil degredation

-To help indigenous people restore land rights it provided financial and technical support to aid the community

-Helped indigenous people negotiate a set of laws that established terriotary as theres

-Supported natural resource management based on traditional practics to stimulate access to markets

-Improved local leaders' planning and administrative skills

What is Microfinance ?

What are social enterpenenures?

-Is a system that provides small loans and financial service to those who don’t have access to traditional banks

-Interested in starting a business for the greater social good and not just for the profit

-In 1974, micronance lending schemes began to provide nance to help reduce poverty, address social issues, including gender discrimination, and enable small businesses to access markets

-Micronance schemes often focus on women, who, in some societies, are unable to own land or borrow money Repayment of the loans is more likely as members are usually part of the community and it is the community that lends out the money

What is Fair trade ?

Its a global movement in which is made up of consumers,companies and organizations working towards social and environmental sustainability

-In order for something to be labelled as Fair trade they have to undergo certification and labelling of products which meets international standards

What is corporate social responsability?

The idea that business have a responsability to consider and positively impact society beyond economic means

-Its a framework through which companies volunatarily integrate social and economic concerns into their business operations

-Also how they effect stakeholders including environment,communtities ,employees ,communities at large in society

What are the benefits of CSR?

-Enhances buisness image and repuation

-Is attractive to many stakeholders

-improve employee motivation

-Helps to improve social problems

What is greenwashing ?

Is when Buisnesses make claims about being environmentally friendly when they are not

-They make broad sustainability claims when there is no evidence to support their claims.

What does culture mean ?

A system of shared meaning

-Language ,customs,symbols,lesiure activities

Emerging global culture

Technologies such as internet and satellite communications make the world more interconnected

This has increased interactions between cultures ,Hybridisation of culture

-Can happen through adoption -The host country fully adopts the foreign culture without adopting it

-Can happen through adaption -The host country borrows of foreign culture and modifies it to fit its own culture

Emerging global culture ?

Adoption and Adaption of cultures have lead to global culture

-For example Apple is an American product which is sold around the world .

-The Globalizing of American products is called Americanization

-Westernization -Is the adoption of British ,Canadian culture

-Language -English becoming a common language in almost every country

-Movies-Bollywood movies are making a greater impact on movies

What is cultural diffusion ?

The spreading of one culture into another

-Historically this was from trade ,intermarriage ,warfare and sport

-However now Main is TNC’s ,Media ,Tourism and Migration

-TNC’s spread aspects of their home culture such as Nike ,Apple

-World media -exposes many cultures ,habits,taste across the world

-Tourism-when people visit a country, they expose that culture to their language, food, fashion and cultural habits and tastes

Migration: people take their customs, language and food with them, creating a partial change or fusion of culture

What is cultural imperealism

Sometimes cultural change is achieved through deliberate coercison referred to as cultural imperalism

-Dominant economies such as USA have cornered markets in goods

-Coca-Cola and KFC have dominated the global food industry and are found on almost every continent

Pros of cultural imperealism ?

-Cultural imperialism can create a more interconnected global society eg the imposition of language,media,cultural practices can lead to different parts of the world understanding each other better .

-Economic growth -The spread of dominant culture can lead to economic benefits.Globalization can open new markets ,boost trade and generate economic opportunties

-Western countries promote democracy through funding elections in developing countries

E.g. imposing democracy and western education on the people of Afghanistan after the US invasion in 2001 was a form of cultural imperialism

Cons of cultural imperealism

It’s one way,one culture imposes itself on another

-It leads to homogenization of landscape

-Democracy is not always the best fit for illiterate socities ;it can lead to the exploitation of the poor by the rich

Singapore -Cultural diffusion

Is a port city and home to a range of cultures due to global trade links

-Since the 19th century immigrants from India ,China

-Socially have a lot of intermarriage leading to mixed raced communities

-Has a diverse range of architecture eg Kangton -Jee Chiat is a historic indian area with indian settlers laying their roots their in what is known as little india

-The different ethnicities have their own languages however have coalesced into local dilect called singlish

-English singlish are most spooken languages here

-Singapore is one of the most religiously diverse country in the world

Glocalization

When a global company produces goods that are aimed in the local markets

For example in India they don’t have pork on the menu for religious reasons

What is cultural hybridity ?

This is where two cultures combine ,a new culture emerges

McDonalds

Mcdonalds has kept the same logo ,same brand values and same clown

This makes it easily identifiable in every country

Try to maintain familiarity while adapting its menu to local tastes

-Global interms of brand image however Localized in terms of menu

Uniform urban areas

over centuries trades ,migrants have brought home ideas and materials

Gradually people and places have have inter-connected and formed urban landscapes with many similarities

Time space compression -due to containerization ,allows ideas to be shared quicker

Technology -ideas are shared more quickly

International migration-As migrants move they share their architecture style and ideas

-TNC’s operate withe economies of scale ,repetition of customer experience barndinge etc saves tnc money on marketing and design

Features of uniformity

Tall buildings are common in modern cities

Location of certains services -The CBD in most cities in the center is characterized by shopping areas and pedestrian zones ,high land values

Industrial areas have moved from core areas to semi-perihery areas

Science parks-are familiar in cities ,with a generic look ,low rise buildings and open green spaces.

Transport infrastructure -Multi-lane roads ,inner city roads ,underground railways systems ,urban bus networks

CASE STUDY SEOUL

• The CBD having skyscrapers and global firms such as Barclays, McDonald's and Starbucks, sitting alongside Korean firms such as Hyundai and Samsung

• High-rise housing apartments and edge-of-town developments

• However, Seoul is also undertaking an urban redevelopment project, making it more heterogeneous than homogeneous

  • It is centred on restoring the historical cultural and environmental value of the Cheong Gye Cheon River in central Seoul

  • Along the river, murals retell some of the important events in Seoul over the last 600 years

  • The river is an important focus for Seoul residents and visitors, similar to Times Square in New York, partly because this project stresses the individuality and uniqueness of Seoul and Korea compared to other global cities

Diaspora

A community that has scattered across the world but maintain cultural connections to their homeland

Diaspora can develop through voluntary or forced migration

Eg-slave trade

Professional and buisnesses diaspora

Influence of Diaspora

-Reshaping cultural landscapes and identities

-Diasporas adopt aspects of their host country yet maintain their distinct cultural ,religious ,linguistic practices from homeland

-Brings advantadges

greater social and cultural diversity

transfers skill and knowledge back to their homeland

trade increases between host country and country of origin

Remittances are sent back

The Irish Diaspora

Contain more than 80 million people that are scattered from around the world in countries such as Canada ,The Uk ,Australia,

The USA is the second largest diaspora in the world after the UK

-According to the 2020 Census ,those claiming Irish descent is numbered over 35 million

-The great famine of 1840 caused forced mass migration

-Most Irish Americans are 3rd or 4 descent migrants but still have a keen interest in Irish heritage

-In the US Saint Patrick’s has become a big celebration and the country becomes emerald green

-Americans wear green +drink beer; green milkshakes and bagels appear on the menu

-New York holds the largest parade, drawing 2 million spectators to the street

-This tradition were not imported; they were made in America.The traditional colour associated with Ireland’s patron saint prior to the 1798 Irish Rebellion

Rejection of globalization

-China prevents internet users from BBC or Facebook and has strict Quotas of 34 foreign films a year ;however christmas is celebrated

-French is very protective of its culture ,with government encouraging work and film through subsidies and 40%of French of televison must consist of French productions

movement-Occupy Wall street movement a 59 day extended protest against economic inequality

-Anti-immigration movements

Advantadges of globalized products

-Disadvantadges of globalized goods

-Producers benefit from economies of scale by producing large scale

-There is a wider choice of products all year

-Cheaper due to mass production

-Local buisnesses can benefit from improved levels of technology

-Improved trading relations with other regions

-Global companies will train staff with new skills

-Higher cost transporting raw materials and manufactured goods

-Its harder to ensure quality when production is outsourced

-Products are more homogenized

-Prices may actually increase if monopoly exists

-May suffer pollution

-Many managerial positions maybe filled by expatriates (foreigners)

-Local producers may not be able to compete on price and be forced to close

Localized produce advanatdges

Localized produce disadvantadges

Reduced transportaion costs as products are sold and transported locally

-Can operate just in time production which is easier as suppliers and customers are closer ,reducing waster

-Products should meet local customs

-Local workers may not have the required levels of skill or education

-Some products maybe more expensive because they are produced on a smaller scale

There may actually be less choice because there are few local companies

Anti-immigration movements

New zealand and Australia have a point-based system which admits those who have necessary skill set and qualifications that a country desire

-Other countries like China and North Korea limit travel

-Globalization ha increased sense of nationalism in which many countries try to assert their national identity

-Brexit was a nationalist movement from Uk ,Attempting to reassert a national identity and serve the interconnectedness of countries

-Building USA/Mexico wall to reduce immigration

-In 2017, Trump prevented migrants from 7 countries, mainly Muslim, from entering the USA.

What is personal freedoms ?

Can be thought as being free from contraints and punishments as long as it dosen’t impact the freedom of others

-Personal freedoms can be affected by government (state) or militia (non-state) controls

-Human Freedom Index-measures the level of political rights and freedom liberties in a country 100 being completely free

-Governmnet controls are justified under premise of National security (terrorism)

Political security-Authoritarian or totalitarian regimes can continue

-Cultural or political security

What government controls ?

Censoring or altering content deemed unfit

Restricting womens rights due to traditional or religious interpretations

Political repressiom -Authoritarian regimes will reduce oposition

Case study -China’s great Firewall

China is an authoritarian regime with a HFI of 9/100

The ruling Chinese communist party keeps tight control over all aspects of life

-State bureuacracy

-The media

-Internet and social media

-University

There is no direct or competitive elections for national leaders

Citizens who have tried to establish indpendent political parties are nearly all in prison

-No one voted

-The political system is dominated by ethnic Han Chinease Men

-Women or ethnic minorities have no real representation

-Has most sophisticated system of censorship

-They have state managment of communications infrastructure which has let them block websites ,restrict domestic apps from smartsphones

-Thousands od websites have been blocked including New york times,facebook

-Journalist and bloggers have been detained eg Fang Bin ,who shared information about Covid 19 outbreak in Wuhan has been detained

-Facial regonition softwares have been installed in public areas and transport

-Academic freedoms also restricted

• Surveillance cameras in some classrooms

• Large-scale recruitment of student informants

• Special departments to supervise the political thinking of teaching staff

National trade restrictions

• Protectionism is an economic policy where governments impose selective trade barriers on international trade to protect domestic industries from overseas competition

• Tariffs are imposed on imports, which increases the price of foreign goods, makes the domestic product more competitive

• Quotas-limiting an number or quantity of something

  Impacts include -

  Trade wars-such as those imposed by President Trump on Chinese imports, resulted in China imposing import tariffs on 106 US goods

• Consumer price increase because of limited competition

• Growth of local industry from limited foreign competition.

What is resource nationalism

Resource nationalism is when governments decide to take all or some of their natural resources under state ownership, allowing the country to benefit exclusively from the nation's resources