AP World Unit 7/8/9

Causes of WWI

MANIAC

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Nationalism

• Imperialism

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Conflict in the Balkans

Eastern Front

Germany, Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire

Schlieffen Plan

• avoid 2 front war

• strike France quick before Russia mobilization

• invade through neutral Belgium

  • angers UK

• German trenches in France

New War Technology

• bi-wing plane

• bigger tanks

• machine gun

• submarine

• large cannons

• zeppelin

Trench Warfare

• simple → elaborate trenches

• “going over the top”

• food spoiling

• chlorine and mustard gas

  • charcoal-filled gasmasks

Russian Revolution Causes

• economic and industrialization issues

• military defeats

• bloody sunday massacre of 1905

• Rasputin influence

Russia February Rev 1917

• Tsar Nicholas II abdicated

• provisional gov and Alexander Kerensky

Russia October Rev 1917

• bolsheviks coup d’etat

• vladimir lenin/leon trotsky

• treaty of brest-litovsk ending WWI

Russian Civil War

• bolsheviks (red) vs. democrat/capitalist (white)

• romanovs executed

• set stage for rise of Soviet Union and communism

Women in WWI

• joined red cross or military as nurses

• worked in factories

US Global Power

• manpower contributed to Germanys defeat

• made world safe for democracy

• woodrow wilson: fourteen points

• woodrow wilson: league of nations

WWI Political Outcomes

• collapse of German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires

• Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia created

• Middle East divided using the mandate system

  • Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine

After WWI

• roaring 20s

• treaty of versailles

  • reduced German military

  • banned manufacturing of equipment

Great Depression in the US

• returned to isolationism

• stock market crash of October 29, 1929

Great Depression in France

• maginot line

• underground tunnels but didnt account for new tech

Great Depression in Germany

• 1921: Nazis (workers party)

• november criminals

• 1923: bear hall putsch—revolt tried to get munich

• 1925: hitler wrote under house arrest

• Nazis run for elections and test treaty of versailles

Great Depression in Japan

• avoided death and destruction

• building empires, depended on foreign materials

• military officers held military positions

• emperor hirohito

• invaded lots of places

Japan Invades Manchuria and China

• sino-japanese war (1937)

  • japan invades china

  • 3 all policy (kill all, burn all, loot all)

  • nanjing massacre

1920s Italy

• dictator of italy—mussolini

• invaded ethiopia

  • league of nations condemned this and imposed sanctions on italy

1920s Spain

• spanish civil war (1936-1939)

  • king alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931

  • fight for control of spains government

  • nationalist—francisco franco, aid from germany and italy

  • republican—elected, aided by soviet union

  • francisco franco: dictator of spain until 1973, ruthless and corrupt

1920s Russia

• lenins new economic policy (NEP)

  • allowed farmers to sell some of their goods for profit (mix communism and capitalism)

  • stalin disregarded this plan

• stalin five year plan

  • invested in heavy industry to increase russias war making possibilities

  • collectivization

Appeasement

pacifying or placating

• munich conference (1938)

• not successful, hitler took sudetenland, rhineland, and poland

  • non aggression pact with stalin/soviet union until he invaded in 1941

Blitzkrieg

lightning warfare

• panzers: tanks

• luftwaffe: air force

• werbach: army

• hitler invaded poland: september 1939

Battle of France

• may 10, 1940

• nazi military used airborne attach on low countries: luxeemburg, belgium, netherlands

Miracle at Dunkirk

• may 26, 1940

• rescue of 338,000

France in 1940

• germany captures paris, june 22, 1940

• french government surrenders

• vichy france vs free french movement

  • nazi occupation

Battle of Britain

• winston churchill

• operation SeaLion

  • the blitz

• RAF vs nazi bombers

US Involvement in WWII

• franklin d roosevelt

• neutrality acts

  • 1937—cash and carry

  • 1941—lend lease act

• atlantic charter

  • august 1941, FDR and roosevelt meet

Invasion of the Soviet Union

• operation barbarossa

• hitler wanted natural resources, fertile farmland, to crush communism, defeat stalin

• scorched earth policy

  • burn everything so nazis dont get anything

The Holocaust

• the final solution

• german conquering gave control of million of jews

  • many lives in ghettos

  • many sent to concentration or death camps

Deportation

jews sent to camps

on arrival

• ss physicals single out young and able bodied

• others sent to die in gas chambers

• chosen ones forced to take clothes off

• jews led into gas chambers disguised as showers

• poison gas pumped into chambers

Able Bodied Jews

• heads shaven

• number stamped on forearm

• only identified by number

• poor conditions

Death Camps

six camps for killing

• auschwitz was the largest one

Japanese Expansion

Indochina

• Japanese expand

• france/great britain colonies temporarily gone

• need for materials

Pearl Harbor

surprise attack on military base on december 7, 1941

Pacific Theater

japanese empire building

• continued to expand

• after pearl harbor, the japanese took the philippines, hong kong, burma, malaya, the dutch east indies, and french indochina

Operation Overlord

• allied invasion of normandy

• atlantic wall

  • nazi defense system along english channel

  • pillboxes, coastal mines, etc.

• opened beaches for allied invasion

• paris liberated by August 25, 1944

• american forces advance into germany by September 1944

Victory in Europe

• battle of the bulge

  • dec 16 → jan 28, 1945

  • largest land battle of WWII

  • 500,000+ american troops

  • george patton

• the race for berlin

  • allies advance

  • soviet forces

• VE day, May 8, 1945

Air War on Japan

island hopping policy

• skip over island and focus on the ones with airfields

b29 superfortress bomber plane

Kamikaze

divine wind

• basically suicide bombing

• goes back to Code of Bushido

US Targets Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• many killed themselves

  • feared US would torture them

Invasion of Japan

• 4.5m soldiers slated for land invasion

• manhattan project

  • scientific research and development involving j robert oppenheimer

  • july 16, 1945: 1st atomic bomb exploded. efforts became focused on hiroshima and nagasaki

  • august 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima

  • japanese gov refused to surrender

  • august 9, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on nagasaki

  • august 10, 1945: japan surrenders

  • august 15, 1945: V-J day

After Effect of Bombs

birth defects, heat, carcinogens

Outcomes of Global Conflict

• nuremburg trials: tried nazis for holocaust

• most destructive war in history

• europe weak and divided

• decolonization

Causes of the Cold War

BARE

• Beliefs or opposing views

• Aims (trade)

• Resentment about history

• Events (aggression and communism blocked)

Truman Doctrine

• commitment to oppose soviet communism

• $400 million in aid to greece and turkey

Marshall Plan

• provided billions of dollars to help rebuild economies of europe

• 16 countries accepted, $12.5 billion in aid total

National Security Act

• july 26, 1947

• department of defense

• national security council

• joint-chiefs of staff

• central intelligence agency

Cominform

• organization of communist states

• response to marshall plan

• set up to control all communist countries in europe

Creation of Israel

• zionism movement

• british mandate system

  • balfour declaration

• UN general assembly—partition of palestine into separate jewish and arab states

• israel recognized: may 15, 1948

Arab-Israeli Conflicts

• 1948: arab countries invade israel

• 1967: six day war—israel takes control of gaza strip, sinai pen, the west bank, and golan heights

• 1973: yom kippur war

• 1982/1987/2000: conflicts with P.L.O

Post WWII Germany

• 4 allied occupation zones

• bizonia zone of berlin

• berlin blockade (1948)

  • blocked all rail, road, air, canal

  • berlin airlift: june 1948-may 1949

• east/west germany split

  • west: federal republic of germany

  • east: german democratic republic

• NATO vs WARSAW pact

Brinkmanship

• president eisenhower policy

• massive military budget and threat of atomic bombs

Communism in China

• chinese revolution

  • communists vs nationalists

  • mao zedong vs chiang koi shek

• chairman mao zedong 1949: peoples republic of china

Korean War

• military conflict between north korea (china and russia) and south korea (US and UN)

• kim il-sung vs syngman rhee

• cease fire eventually ended the war in 1953

• country permanently divided at the 38th parallel

Great Leap Forward

• rapid industrialization and collectivization by CCP

• reeducation and communes

• red guards: destroy the 4 olds

• 45+ million die due to famine

• collectivization: gov controls food

Cuban Revolution

• fidel castro

  • overthrew cuban president

  • pro communism

• che guevara

  • rev leader until assassination

  • communist/anti capitalist

• bay of pigs invasion (April 17, 1961): CIA plan to invade cuba

  • failed, pushed cuba close to soviet union

Partition of India

• muslim league (muhammad ali jinnah) demanded muslim country

• August 1947: indian independence

  • india led by nehru

  • pakistan led by jinnah

Algerian Decolonization

• france granted independence to tunisia and morocco but not algeria

• national liberation front

  • guerilla war vs france

  • french genocide

  • 1962: algerian independence

South Africa

• settler colony independent from british

• government control: white settler minority (20%)

  • national party

    • 1913 land act

    • apartheid

    • african national congress formed

Independence of Egypt

• controlled by france → british → muhammad ali → british → gamal nasser

• revolution of 1952, general nasser, ruler of egypt

• 1956: suez canal crisis

  • nationalization of canal

  • soviet support for the aswan dam

  • war vs israel/britain/france forces

Iranian Revolution

• shah mohammad reza phalavi ousted

• led to establishment of islamic republic

• leadership of ayatollah khomeini

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

• december 1979

• mujahideen: US backed muslim guerilla fighters and waged a costly war vs soviet

• soviet troops withdrew in 1989

• rise of al qaeda and taliban

Detente

• improved soviet/US relationships

• increase in trade and signing of nuclear arms treaties

Strategic Arms Talk

• USSR and US

• reduce number of weapons, not effective

• slow the arms race

• did not go through: soviets invaded afghanistan

Soviet Union Fall

• 1980 poland solidarity movement

• mikhail gorbachev: USSR premier

  • glasnost: openess, some freedom of speech

  • perestroika: rebuilding USSR economy

• 1989: fall of berlin wall

• 1990: german unification

• 1991: end of USSR

  • belarus, ukraine, lithuania, latvia

Green Revoluation

• spread tech out of industrialized nations

  • modern irrigation, pesticides, fertilizers, improved crop variations

• norman borlaug

Medical Innovations

• vaccines (polio)

• antibiotics

• birth control

Desertification

land degradation where a region becomes more dry and arid

Chinas Economic Growth

• economic reform costs

  • massive corruption, sharp inequalities, urban overcrowding, periodic inflation, terrible pollution, street crime

• economic reform benefits

  • better diets, lower mortality rates, declining poverty, massive urban construction, surging exports

• capitalist economy restored by the CCP

United Nations

• made in 1945

• universal declaration of human rights: 1948

  • rights and freedoms of all humans protected

Trading Blocs

promote free trade

• world trade organization: 1995

  • enhance global trade and economic openness

  • rules of trade

  • resolves trade disputes

  • 164 member states: 98% of the world

• EU, NAFTA, ASEAN