Option F: Food & Health

Chronic Hunger

Chronic Hunger

Long term hunger caused by the lack of food (deprivation)

Periodic Hunger

Temporary hunger caused by short term decline in usual intake of food

Malnutrition

Consuming a diet without proper, balanced nutrition either by quantity or quality of food

Pandemic

A global epidemic

Food security

Where all the people of a population have safe, sufficient, and nutritious food that is socially accessible to all

Epidemiology

Study of diseases

Endemic

Disease that is prevalent in a specific area

Epidemic

Fast-spreading outbreak of a disease

HALE

length of life after accounting for years taken off for ill-health

Global Hunger Index

A 100 point scale with 0 being the best fed while 100 represents the hungry when neither of the extremes are reached

Global Food Security Index

Study of food security and underlying factors in availability, affordability, and quality & safety

Undernourishment

Measures insufficient supply considering entire populations. Is a lead indicator for global hunger

Wasting

Considering diet quality and utilization, they are children with low weight for their age as a result of short term malnutrition

Stunting

Considering diet quality and utilization, they are children with little height for their age as a result of long term malnutrition

Under-5 mortality

The mortality rate of children under 5

Kwashiorkor

A deficiency disease from lack of protein

Maramus

A deficiency disease from lack of calories or energy

Obesity

A deficiency disease from too many calories and too much energy

Starvation

A deficiency disease from limited or non-existent intake of food

Famine

Long term decline in food availability in the region

Nutritional Transition

The key idea is that as income increases, calorie intake increases (especially and dramatically in LICs)

Child mortality

Under 5 deaths per 1000 births ((# deaths under 5/# children under 5) x 1000)

Infant mortality

Under 1 deaths per 1000 births ((# deaths under 1/# children under 1) x 1000)

Maternal Mortality

Maternal and pregnancy related caused female deaths per 1000 births

Epidemiological transition

Transition of disease type. Shift from infectious (epidemic) diseases to degenerative diseases (ex. heart disease)

Arable

Cultivation of crops

Pastoral

Rearing of animals

Commercial

Products sold for profit (excess made than to feed producer’s need)

Subsistence

Products consumed by cultivators (producers)

Intensive

High input and yield per unit area

Extensive

Low input and yields per unit area

Nomadic

Farmers’ seasonal transition with their herds (Pokot pastorals in Kenya)

Sedentary

Farmers’ in the same place for the full year (Dairy farms kn Peron and Cornwall)

Agricultural Systems

A systems approach that attempts to simplify farming systems into inputs, processes, and outputs

Photosynthetic efficiency

Where energy subsides lead to sustainable systems and productive landscapes when sympathetic to the local ecology

Energy efficiency rates (EER)

Measure of input versus output

Germehl diagrams

To distribute nutrient cycling display

Water footprints

Measure of water embedded or used in human processes

Food availability deficit (FAD)

Food deficiency due to local shortages because of physical and human factors (outdated)

Food entitlement deficiency (FED)

Political and economic factors influence food accessibility more than physical means (updated)

Food desert

Low variety in foods available

Hägerstrand diffusion curve

Accounts for the “chance” element, financial circumstances, psychological make-up of the situation and proximity to competitors

4 stages of diffusion

Infusion (25%), inflection (50%), saturation (75%) and wanning to upper limit (100%)

Expansion diffusion

From one source, diffusing outwards

Relocation diffusion

Moving from one place to another entirely

Contagious diffusion

Spread through direct contact

Hierarchical diffusion

Spreads through ordered sequence of changes/places

Network diffusion

Spreading through transport systems or social networks

Estuaries

Costal bodies connected to the open sea; often called “brackish water”

Brackish water

Where salt water and open water meet

UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

manages resources and works to eliminate poverty as a main obstacle in FAD

The World Food Programn (WFP)

works to empower and build the livelihoods of the most vulnerable to food shortages

Agricultural Subsides

Funding and finance put into developing agricultural fields, variety, and technology

Intensification

Large inputs and overflowing outputs

Concentration

Having.a cluster of a certain type of crop or produce in one region

Specialization

Restricting certain types of production to certain regions

GOBIFFF

Growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breast feeding, immunization, food supplementation, female education, and food fortification

TNCs

Trans-national companies

Big foods

Ultra processed foods with refines fats, sugars, preservatives, and etcetera

Big snacks

Processed for long shelf lives (like breads before 1970 and energy drinks and biscuits in 1970)

5 ‘p’s of marketing

Price, packaging, product, promotion, and public relations

“Burden of sickness”

Weight of sickness in affairs

GFC Index (Affordability) discusses

food as a share of household expenditure, the global proportion of people under the poverty line, the gross domestic product per person (PPP), agricultural import tariffs, and the presence of food safety programs.

Agricultural import tariffs

A requirement for all foods and agricultural goods that cross a border to be taxed, hence raising their price

GFC Index (Availability) discusses

sufficient supply of food, public expenditure of research and development of agriculture as well as infrastructure, volatility of agricultural production based on political stability and corruption, food loss/waste, and the urban absorption capacity

Urban absorption capacity

Amount of waste that can be disposed or created without significant environmental damage (can be naturally added back to environment)

GFC Index (Quality + Safety) discusses

diet diversification, food safety, micronutrient availability, and protein quality

2015: GFC Index has shown great improvement in lower-middle income countries, especially in MENA with

improved nutritional standards, protein quality and diet diversification.

The greatest GFC improvement in 2000 was of a reduction of

25-28 points in Rwanda, Angola, and Ethiopia

GFC index segments- by scores- include

under 10 (low hunger), 10 to 19.9 (moderate hunger), 20-34.9 (serious hunger), 35 - 49.9 (alarming hunger) and over 50 (extremely alarming hunger)

The global average calories consumed daily is

2780 per person

The standard calories that should be consumed daily is

1800 per person (variable to change depending on constitution)

The highest recorded kcal/day/person is in

Austria with 3800 kcal consumed per person

The lowest recorded kcal/day/person is in

Eritrea with 1590 kcal consumed per person

Stunting is particularly prevalent in

Sub-saharan Africa, South Asia, Timor-Leste, Burundi, and Eritrea

Wasting is more prevalent than stunting only in

Fiji, eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East

High wasting (over 20%) is prevalent in

South Sudan, Djibouti, Sri Lanka, and especially South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Low wasting (under 2%) is in

Australia, Latin America, and other HICs. The only non-HICs are Pakistan and Mongolia (less than 1%), and Swaziland (2%)

At over 50%, the country with the highest percentage of undernourished persons is

Haiti

The four countries with over 40% of their population being undernourished is

Central African Republic, Zambia, North Korea, and Namibia

The region with 40-30% of their population being undernourished is

Sub-saharan Africa (minus Tajikistan)

The region with 30-20% of their population being undernourished is

Sub-saharan Africa (minus Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq)

The regions with the lowest % of their population being undernourished is

Europe, South America, and the Middle East

South Africa is an anomaly with % undernourished with % under 5s being stunted

1.7 , 22.9

Egypt is an anomaly with % undernourished with % under 5s being stunted

1.9 , 22.3

LICs are carbohydrate focused, with Bangladeshi diets consisting of

81% energy coming from carbohydrates and 11% from fats

HICs boast more balanced meals with US diets consisting of

45-50% energy from carbohydrates and 40% coming from fats

LICs see large increase in calorie intake with

little increase in income

In LICs, the amount food is consumed per capita is

growing rapidly yet still much lower than that of people in HICs

LICs hold a higher intake of cereals than HICs but it is steadily declining because

as people earn more income, their ability to purchase, hence their consumption of animal protein increases and staples like cereals go down in consumption.

Main LIC protein sources lie in

fish, pulses, and dairy

HALE

Health Adjusted Life Expantency

HALE allows to understand the

root of illnesses and burden of disease

People with lower socio-economic status, women, and the elderly have

higher social burden and risks of ill health

The HALE uses the WHO to collect

mortality rates

Why does the WHO also conduct surveys for mortality rates?

Because LICs often have less reliable reports on mortality and morbidity. Data should match up with that on interviews and used to fill in possible blanks

Canada’s HALE is used to

track progress made in target areas after public health efforts (by Public Health Agency) and identify further areas of improvement

In Canada, ill health accounts for an average of

3.2 years and 4.7 years lost of life in females and males respectively

In Canada, diabetes at 55 accounts for an average of

5.8 years and 5.3 years lost of life in females and males respectively

In Canada, hypertension at 55 accounts for an average of

2 years and 2.7 years lost of life in females and males respectively