Porifera

The elementary units of life

cells

exchanging molecules with the environmentsmall

Why does increasing the size of a cell cause problems

surface area

smaller units (cells) prevent problems by increasing _______

sponges

The simpleist multicellular animals

metazoans

Multicellular organisms were collectively called _______ and are now also termed “animals.”

Opisthokont

What clade are metazoans placed in?

Mostly sessile, aquatic filter feeding, bodies w/ many pores, choanocytes to move water, most marine and found in sea depths

What are the general features of phylum porifera?

multicellular

are porifera unicellular or multicellular

ostia

What are porifera body pores called

radial or none

What is the symmetry of porifera?

pinacocytes

What flat structures form porifera outer surface

Choanocytes

flagellated collar cells on porifera inner surface that keep current flowing via beating flagella and filter water

fibrillar collagen and crystalline spicules

Forms porifera skeletal structure

no

Does phylum porifera have organs or true tissues

sessile

are adult porifera sessile or mobile

nervous system

Major body system absent in sponges

sexual or sexual

What type of reproduction in sponges?

collecting suspended particles in water through internal canal systems

How do sponges feed?

dermal ostia

Small incurrent pores for feeding in pinacoderm

microvilli

______ in the collar trap and phagocytize food particles that pass by

water movement through the body

What is efficiency of food capture dependent on

Ascenoid

Simpleist sponge body organization, small and tube shaped, no radial canals

the spongocoel

In an ascenoid sponge body, choanocytes are in a large internal chamber called…

Calcispongiae

What is the class of all ascenoids?

radial canal

walls composed of choanocytes, where filtration occurs in syconoid sponges

osculum

Where does water leave a sponge

syconoid

Resemble asconoids but are larger and thicker w/ more complex body wall

dermal ostia, radial canals

In syconoid sponges, Water enters through _____ and move through tiny openings into the ________.

choanocytes

In syconoid sponges what is the spongocoel lined with?

leuconid

largest most complex sponge body type

mesohyl

Sponge cells are arranged in a gelatinous extracellular matrix called _______

diffusion

how do respiration and excretion occur in sponges?

archaeocytes

Where is food passed for intracellular digestion with no need for a gut cavity.

Sclerocytes

archaeocytes that secrete spicules.

Spongocytes

Archaeocytes that secrete sponging.

Collencytes

Archaeocytes that secrete fibrillar collagen

Lophocytes

Archaeocytes that secrete large amounts of collagen.

myocytes

circular bands around oscula, that help regulate flow \n of water.

fragmentation

Sponge breaks into parts that are capable of forming a completely new sponge.

external buds

Small individuals that break off from parents that have reached a certain size.

internal buds/gemmules

\-Formed by archaeocytes that collect in mesohyl. \n • Coated with tough spongin and spicules that can survive harsh \n environmental conditions.

gemmulation

\-When parent sponge dies, gemmules survive and remain dormant during the harsh situations. \n • Live cells within gemmules escape through special opening called micropyles and develop into new sponges.

changing seasons and new habitat colonization

What is gemmulation an adaption for?

monoecious

both male and female sex cells in one body (most sponges)

choanocytes or archaeocytes

Where do sponge gametes develop from?

viviprious

Zygote is retained within parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as a ciliated larva.

Macromeres

\-overgrow invaginating micromeres during metamorphosis and settlement

* become pinacocytes

Micromeres

become choanocytes, archaeocytes, and collencytes

before the cambrian

When did sponges appear?

sister taxon

Sponges share many traits with other animals and are considered a ________

parenchymula

What is the solid-bodied free swimming larva of most sponges called

Calcispongiae and some Demospongiae

\n Where is this unique developmental pattern found?

\-Hollow stomoblastula develops with flagellated cells oriented toward the interior. \n • Blastula then turns inside out (inversion) and the flagellated cells now turn outside.

blastula, gastrula

\n Sponge have _______ and some form ______ stages like many animals.

cell adhesion and cell signaling

In sponges, proteins for what are homologous to other \n animals.

unique water current system and its degree of complexity

what does poriferan diversification center on

deep water sponges

most of this group are carnivores and not suspension feeders with tiny hook-like spicules cover \n highly branched body