The elementary units of life
cells
exchanging molecules with the environmentsmall
Why does increasing the size of a cell cause problems
surface area
smaller units (cells) prevent problems by increasing _______
sponges
The simpleist multicellular animals
metazoans
Multicellular organisms were collectively called _______ and are now also termed “animals.”
Opisthokont
What clade are metazoans placed in?
Mostly sessile, aquatic filter feeding, bodies w/ many pores, choanocytes to move water, most marine and found in sea depths
What are the general features of phylum porifera?
multicellular
are porifera unicellular or multicellular
ostia
What are porifera body pores called
radial or none
What is the symmetry of porifera?
pinacocytes
What flat structures form porifera outer surface
Choanocytes
flagellated collar cells on porifera inner surface that keep current flowing via beating flagella and filter water
fibrillar collagen and crystalline spicules
Forms porifera skeletal structure
no
Does phylum porifera have organs or true tissues
sessile
are adult porifera sessile or mobile
nervous system
Major body system absent in sponges
sexual or sexual
What type of reproduction in sponges?
collecting suspended particles in water through internal canal systems
How do sponges feed?
dermal ostia
Small incurrent pores for feeding in pinacoderm
microvilli
______ in the collar trap and phagocytize food particles that pass by
water movement through the body
What is efficiency of food capture dependent on
Ascenoid
Simpleist sponge body organization, small and tube shaped, no radial canals
the spongocoel
In an ascenoid sponge body, choanocytes are in a large internal chamber called…
Calcispongiae
What is the class of all ascenoids?
radial canal
walls composed of choanocytes, where filtration occurs in syconoid sponges
osculum
Where does water leave a sponge
syconoid
Resemble asconoids but are larger and thicker w/ more complex body wall
dermal ostia, radial canals
In syconoid sponges, Water enters through _____ and move through tiny openings into the ________.
choanocytes
In syconoid sponges what is the spongocoel lined with?
leuconid
largest most complex sponge body type
mesohyl
Sponge cells are arranged in a gelatinous extracellular matrix called _______
diffusion
how do respiration and excretion occur in sponges?
archaeocytes
Where is food passed for intracellular digestion with no need for a gut cavity.
Sclerocytes
archaeocytes that secrete spicules.
Spongocytes
Archaeocytes that secrete sponging.
Collencytes
Archaeocytes that secrete fibrillar collagen
Lophocytes
Archaeocytes that secrete large amounts of collagen.
myocytes
circular bands around oscula, that help regulate flow \n of water.
fragmentation
Sponge breaks into parts that are capable of forming a completely new sponge.
external buds
Small individuals that break off from parents that have reached a certain size.
internal buds/gemmules
-Formed by archaeocytes that collect in mesohyl. \n • Coated with tough spongin and spicules that can survive harsh \n environmental conditions.
gemmulation
-When parent sponge dies, gemmules survive and remain dormant during the harsh situations. \n • Live cells within gemmules escape through special opening called micropyles and develop into new sponges.
changing seasons and new habitat colonization
What is gemmulation an adaption for?
monoecious
both male and female sex cells in one body (most sponges)
choanocytes or archaeocytes
Where do sponge gametes develop from?
viviprious
Zygote is retained within parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as a ciliated larva.
Macromeres
-overgrow invaginating micromeres during metamorphosis and settlement
become pinacocytes
Micromeres
become choanocytes, archaeocytes, and collencytes
before the cambrian
When did sponges appear?
sister taxon
Sponges share many traits with other animals and are considered a ________
parenchymula
What is the solid-bodied free swimming larva of most sponges called
Calcispongiae and some Demospongiae
\n Where is this unique developmental pattern found?
-Hollow stomoblastula develops with flagellated cells oriented toward the interior. \n • Blastula then turns inside out (inversion) and the flagellated cells now turn outside.
blastula, gastrula
\n Sponge have _______ and some form ______ stages like many animals.
cell adhesion and cell signaling
In sponges, proteins for what are homologous to other \n animals.
unique water current system and its degree of complexity
what does poriferan diversification center on
deep water sponges
most of this group are carnivores and not suspension feeders with tiny hook-like spicules cover \n highly branched body