Unit 3 Vocabulary Test 2

Colonialism

is a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another

Powerful countries settle in less powerful countries for economic and political gain. (Great Britain, France, Spain)

Animism

the belief that non-living, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits.

The belief that non-living objects, like rivers & mountains possess spirits. (Native American beliefs)

Native Speaker

those who use the language learned from birth

A person who speaks the original language of their country of origin.

Lingua Franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

 A common language used by speakers of 2 different languages for communication. (The two lingua francas are English and Swahili; used for international business, banking, and trading)

Pidgin Language

a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages

An extremely simplified, limited language used by 2 people that speak 2 different languages. (incorrect grammar)

Creole Language

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue

• Two or more separate languages that mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary, which create a new combined language (Louisiana French Creole)(Scotts (Celtic language + English).

Time-space convergence

the shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

The process of travel time diminishes as technological advancements in transportation and communication bring places closer together. For instance, the use of phones, computers, social media, etc.

Cultural convergence

the process of two or more culture coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike.

Cultures that become similar to each other and share more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs.

Cultural divergence

culture becomes less alike due to both cultural and physical barriers. the process of culture restricting contact with other cultures in an attempt to retain its originality

• The idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions & change.

Language tree

a representation of the relationships of languages to each other

• Relationships among 15 language families that suggested how several languages are related to each other, as well as how one language grew out of another.

Indo-European language family

the largest language family with about 3.2 billion speakers distributed across the world

• A large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago (English, German, Romance Languages)

Romance Languages

Includes languages like Spanish Portuguese french and italian

The unifying language of Latin that diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese)

Isoglosses

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. Lines that divides dialects.

Regional variations of a language that have variation in accent, grammar,  usage, and spelling. Line that divides dialects.

Dialects

variations of a standard language distinguished

• Regional variations of a language that have variation in accent, grammar,  usage, and spelling..

homogeneous

made up largely of ethnically similar people

An area where everyone shares a common distinctive characteristics

Official Language

a language designated by law to be the language of government

• A language designated by law to be the language of the government.

Adherents

believers in a faith

Someone who is a follower of a certain religion.

Ethnic religions

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers

• A religion that you have to be born into to be a part of.(Hinduism and Judaism)

Polytheistic

belief in many gods

• Believing in many gods. (Hinduism or The belief of the Greek Gods)

Monotheistic

belief in one god

• Having only one God or Deity(Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism) 

Caste system

a rigid social class system in the Hindu faith

• A rigid class structure, that shaped Indian society(lowest caste is untouchables)

Judaism

the first monotheistic religion-guided by the Hebrew Bible called the Torah

• One of the first monotheistic faiths, ethnic religion, Torah expresses divine will, holy book: Torah(hearth is Israel)

Christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teaching of Jesus Christ as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as the son of God and as the savior of mankind

• Monotheistic, universalizing religion, belief that Jesus, the son of God is the savior of humans, holy book is the Bible(hearth is Israel)

Islam

a religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims

Universalizing, followed by Muslims, believe in Allah and his teaching to Muhammed, holy book is the Quran (hearth is Saudi Arabia)

Acculturation

When an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them

When people within one culture adopt some traits from another, with adaptations to their own culture.

Assimilation

This happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture

Syncretism

the blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait

• Two different religions that are joined to make one religion(Hinduism + Islam=Sikhism)

Nativist

a person who opposes immigration

• Anti-immigrant attitudes against the cultural minority, sometimes bringing violence and government actions against the minority group.

Universal religions

religions that actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of ethnicity

• Religions that are open to everybody. (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)