Measuring Systems and Pharmacokinetics

Flashcards covering basic unit of measure conversions (Metric, Apothecary, Household) and the principles of pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion).

In the metric system, how many milligrams ($mg$) are in $1$ gram ($g$)?

$$1,000\,mg$$

How many micrograms ($mcg$) are equivalent to $1$ milligram ($mg$)?

$$1,000\,mcg$$

How many grams ($g$) are contained in $1$ kilogram ($kg$)?

$$1,000\,g$$

What is the relationship between milliliters ($mL$) and liters ($L$)?

$$1\,mL = 0.001\,L$$

In metric liquid measure, what is $1\,mL$ equivalent to in cubic centimeters ($cc$)?

$$1\,cc$$

In the Apothecary system, how many grains ($gr$) make up $1$ dram ($dr$)?

$$60\,gr$$

How many drams ($dr$) are in $1$ ounce ($oz$)?

$$8\,dr$$

According to the Apothecary and Household systems, how many ounces ($oz$) are in $1$ pound ($lb$)?

$$16\,oz$$

How many minims ($min$) equal $1$ fluidram ($fl\,dr$)?

$$60\,min$$

How many fluidrams ($fl\,dr$) are in $1$ fluid ounce ($fl\,oz$)?

$$8\,fl\,dr$$

How many pints ($pt$) equal $1$ quart ($qt$)?

$$2\,pt$$

How many quarts ($qt$) are in $1$ gallon ($gal$)?

$$4\,qt$$

Based on the Household measures, how many ounces ($oz$) or cups ($c$) are in $1$ pint ($pt$)?

$16\,oz = 1\,pt$ or $2\,c\sim$

How many tablespoons ($tbsp$) are equivalent to $1$ pint ($pt$)?

$$32\,tbsp$$

How many teaspoons ($tsp$) make up $1$ tablespoon ($tbsp$)?

$$3\,tsp$$

How many drops ($gtt$) are in $1$ teaspoon ($tsp$)?

$$60\,gtt$$

How is 'Absorption' defined in pharmacokinetics?

What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues.

List the routes of administration for drug absorption mentioned in the text.

GIT, mucous membranes, skin, lungs, muscle, SQ, and IV.

Why does the Intravenous (IV) route have no factors affecting its absorption?

Because it involves direct entry into the venous system.

What is 'Distribution' in pharmacokinetics?

The movement of a drug to the body's tissues.

Which four factors affect the distribution of a drug?

$$1.\text{ Lipid solubility, } 2.\text{ perfusion, } 3.\text{ permeability of the cell membrane, and } 4.\text{ plasma protein binding.}$$

Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolism, also known as biotransformation?

The Liver.

What occurs during the process of metabolism (biotransformation)?

Drugs are changed into new chemicals through detoxification, and certain medications are activated.

What are the routes through which excretion occurs?

Urine, skin, saliva, lungs, bile, and feces.