CRPT-Lecture-1-Entomology

Hymenoptera

The order where the bees belong

Mollusca

Snails belong to Phylum

Pectinate

It is a type of antennae which is a comb-like

Moniliform

It is a bead-like type of insect antennae

Antennae

These are used by insects as major sensory devices

53%

Insects

(1) Three body parts: Head, Thorax, Abdomen

(2) Six legs

(3) Two Antennae

(4) Two Eyes (simple or compound)

The common features of all insects include:

Head

The first body region

eyes, antennae, and mouthparts

Most heads possess _________________________

Antennae

used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways.

Filiform, Geniculate, Lamellate, Moniliform, Pectinate, Plumose, Serrate, Setaceous

Types of insect antennae

Filiform

threadlike type of insect antennae

Cockroach

insect with a filiform antennae

Geniculate

bent-like an elbow type of an insect antennae

Carpenter ant

insect with a geniculate antennae

Coleoptera

insect with a lamellate antennae

Moniliform

bead-like type of insect antennae

Termite

insect with a moniliform antennae

Pectinate

Comb-like type of insect antennae

Firefly

insect with a pectinate antennae

Plumose

feather-like shape type of insect antennae

Lepidoptera

insect with a plumose antennae

Serrate

saw-toothed shape type of insect antennae

Click Beetle

insect with a serrate type of insect antennae

Setaceous

bristle-like shape type of insect antennae

Damsefly

insect with a setaceous antennae

chewing, piercing/sucking

Purposes of mouthparts

three fused segments

Thorax is composed of ___________

Thorax

All legs and wings are located on the _____________

Digging, suction, swimming, grasping

Purposes of insect legs

Abdomen

composed of many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great movement

exoskeleton

Insect possess an exterior covering called

Exoskeleton

This segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can be very hard in some insects.

Setae

Exoskeleton is often covered with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called

Digestive system

a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect

foregut, midgut, hindgut

Digestive system is divided into three parts called

foregut

In some insects such as the honey bee, the ______________ acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be regurgitated later

Circulatory System

is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen

Circulatory System

a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head

less centralized

Insects have a ____________ nervous system than humans

ventral or bottom aspect

The nerve chord runs along the __________________________ of an insect

ganglia

Other major concentrations of nerve bundles called ______________ occur along the nerve chord and usually control those body functions closest to it

Respiratory System

is composed of air sacs and tubes called tracheae

tracheae

The respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes called _____________

spiracles

Air enters the tubes through a series of openings called _______________ found along the sides of the body

thorax

The largest spiracles are usually found on the ____________ where greater musculature from wings and legs require more oxygen

head

There are no spiracles on the _______________

Metamorphosis

Life cycles are called

Metamorphosis

the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development

Without Metamorphosis

The young resemble adults except for size

without

The first type is ____________ metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess

Without Metamorphosis

egg --- nymphs --- adult

incomplete

The second type is _____________ metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata).

Incomplete Metamorphosis

egg --- naiads --- adult

gradual

The third type is ______________ metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera)

Gradual Metamorphosis

This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses

complete

The fourth type is ______________ metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera)

Complete Metamorphosis

This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct

hard-bodied

It should be noted that because insects are _____________, they cannot grow larger gradually.

Molts

Instead they grow larger in steps by shedding the hard exoskeleton for a brief period of expansion. The brief periods between or within stages are called ___________

Pincers (Cerci)

are heavily sclerotized and forcep-like; used mostly for defense (Earwigs)

Median caudal filament

threadlike projection arising from the center of the last abdominal segment

Cornicles

paired secretory structures located dorsally on the abdomen of aphids. The ______________ produce substances that repel predators or elicit care-giving behavior by symbiotic ants

Abdominal prolegs

fleshy, locomotory appendages found only in the larvae of certain insects

Sting

a modified ovipositor, found only in the females of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and predatory wasps).

Abdominal gills

respiratory organs found in the nymphs (naiads) of certain aquatic insects.

(1) Aid in the pollination and decomposition

(2) Source of Food

(3) Source of important products

(4) Biological control

(5) As specimens for scientific research

(6) Index for ecological quality

(7) Aesthetic value

Beneficial effects of insects

Bees

Insects in aiding in the pollination

dead organic matter-feeding maggots of flies and beetles

Insects in aiding in the decomposition

honey and wax from honeybees; silk from silkworm

Insects as source of important products

some insects are used to control insect pests: wasps are parasitic to insect pests; ladybird beetles are predatory to aphids

Insects (biological control)

houseflies, mosquitoes, etc. for toxicology; fruitflies for genetics

Insects as as specimens for scientific research

the presence or absence of some species may indicate the prevalent environmental conditions

Insects (Index of ecological quality)

insect beauty is sought after by hobbyists, artists

Insects (Aesthetic value)

(1) Crop yield reduction of the quantity and quality of yield

(2) Destruction of structures

(3) Transmission of disease-causing agents from/to plants and animals

(4) Bites, sting or psychological injury

Destructive or harmful effects (insect pests)

Insect pests

any insect which annoys, injures or damages man directly or indirectly

pests

Insects become ________ when they reach high levels of populations and come in conflict with man's interests/welfare

feeding and oviposition behavior

Insects becoming pests is related mostly to their ____________________________

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

What are the three domains?

Archaea

In what domain do ancient forms of bacteria belong?

Bacteria

In what domain do more advanced forms of bacteria belong?

Eukarya

In what domain do all life forms of eukaryotic cells belong?

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

The Six Kingdoms of Life

Chordata

Rats and humans belong to Phylum ______________

Echinodermata

Starfish belong to Phylum _________________

Arthropoda

Insects belong to Phylum _____________

Nematoda

Worms belong to Phylum ________________

Annelida

Segmented worms belong to Phylum _____________

Mollusca

Snails, with shells belong to Phylum ______________

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms and parasites belong to Phylum ________________

Cnidaria

Jellyfish belong to Phylum _______________

Porifera

Sponges belong to Phylum _____________

Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Crustacea, Arachnida

Five Classes of Arthropods

Insecta

Insects, six, jointed appendages

Diplopoda

Millipedes, two pairs of legs per body segment, multiple body segments

Crustacea

Crayfish, five pairs of jointed appendages

Arachnida

Spiders, four pairs of jointed appendages

Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera

Five most diverse insect orders

Ephemeroptera

Mayflies belong to order ___________

Isoptera

Termites belong to order ___________________