AP World History Active Recall Questions/Terms

What are gunpowder empires?

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Russia

Europe expands

-Black death and 100 Years war ends

-Gutenberg press (Increase literacy)

- Monarchies>Feudalism

-Centralized (taxes, military, religion)

-Growing middle class

-Big 5 new states: Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands

Russia expands

- Ivan the great and the terrible

- Expanded east due to gunpowder

-Ended Mongol indirect rule

-Time of the troubles

-Peter the Great wanted Russia to be westernized (no beards, shorter jackets)

The Manchus took over what Chinese dynasty?

Ming, they established the Qing.

Tamerlane

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests.

What 3 empires arose from Tamerlane's fall?

Ottoman,Safavid, and Mughal

Ottoman Empire expands

-Mehmed II takes over Constantinople in 1453 (3 layers to get through)

- Peak=Suleiman the Great

-Suleiman the Great conquered Hungary and other territories

-Sunni Muslims

Safavid Empire expands

-Ismail conquered Persia and Iraq

-Shia Islam was used to unite (NO SUNNIS)

Mughal Empire expands

-Founded by Babur

-Great Leader= Akbar--> eliminate jizya, religiously tolerant

-Aurangzeb- Ends hindu tolerance (Islam), reinstates the jizya

Why did these gunpowder empires fail?

-Failed to modernize economy

-Failed to modernize military

How did Europe consolidate/legitimize its power?

- Divine Right of Kings (James 1)

- Justices of the Peace (England)

-Absolutism (France-Louis 14)

- Big buildings (Palace of Versailles)

How did the English government check the monarchy?

1689- Bill of Rights

How did the Ottomans consolidate/legitimize their power?

- Devshirme (Jannisaries)

-Sulimanye Mosque

-Tax Farming (Corruption)

How did South/East Asians consolidate/legitimize power?

- Civil Service Examination (China)

- Tokugawa Shogunate (Reorganized government)

How did the Mughal Empire consolidate/legitimize power?

- Zamindars (Collect taxes)

-Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan)

How did rulers legitimize their power?

Religion, Art, and Architecture

The Great Schism and Protestant Reformation:

- Catholic church lost power due to monarchal kings

- Corrupt church (selling indulgences and simony)

- Martin Luther--> Protestant (Salvation through faith alone)

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Shia v. Sunni (Safavid v. Ottoman)

Religious dispute over Muhammad's death. Safavid empire did not like anyone from the Ottoman Empire. Land disputes.

Exception to the Sunni v. Shia dispute

- Akbar from the Mughal Empire Religiously tolerant

Birth of Sikhism

How did Songhai Kings consolidate power?

Controlled trade routes, religion, and alliances. King rituals to show who is in charge.

How did the Aztec's consolidate power?

Tribute System

Ghulams

Jannisaries of the Safavid Empire

The title Caliph proved power of Kings

True

What ruler of the Safavid made peace with the Ottomans?

Shah Abbas I

Songhai Expands

-trans Saharan trade

-Export of gold and salt

-Islam

Kongo Expands

-Monarchy

-Traded with Portuguese merchants

-Catholicism

-King Alfonso I of Kongo

Japan became Isolated and they only traded with the Dutch

true

What nation was leading in maritime empires?

Europe

What allowed for maritime empires?

Better Technology (Flute, Caravel, Carrick)- Smaller, faster, and cheaper

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Astrolabe and Magnetic Compass

Navigation tools that helped maritime empires

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Chattel Slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Hacienda

A large estate or ranch; the main house of such a ranch. Ran by slaves

Mita System

Economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced

Indentured Servants

People who agree to work for a certain period of time, often in exchange for travel expenses

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

How did the Portuguese get raw materials?

From colonies that were set up around Africa. Indian Ocean Trade Network

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses. Used for sponsoring explorers to colonize lands

Casta System

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Scientific Revolution

Copernicus- Heliocentric Model

Galileo- Studied astronomy and confirmed model

Catholic Church- Opposed these new ideas

5 states in Europe in the maritime exploration race

Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, and Netherlands.

Why did these states not want to pass through land?

They did not want to be taxed by empire such as the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empire.

Portuguese Sponsored

Bartholomew Dias- Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama- Around Africa to India

Spanish Sponsored

Christopher Columbus- Discovery of Americas

Amerigo Vespucci- Distinguished North and South America

French, British, and Dutch Sponsored

John Cabot- Reached Canada

Henry Hudson-Looking for NW Passage

Motives for Exploration

God, Gold, Glory

What empire did Hernan Cortes conquer?

Aztec Empire

What empire did Francisco Pizarro conquer?

Inca Empire

Conquerors used what to take over?

Guns, Germs, and Steel

How did Spain maintain power in its colonies?

Viceroyalty System

Encomienda System

Bartholome de Las Casas

A Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.

What is the Encomienda system replaced with?

The Repartimiento System

Continuity in Labor

Continued use of forced labor (encomienda, repartimento, African slavery)

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Portugal built what plantations in Brazil?

Sugar

British Empire

- 13 colonies

- British East India Company

French Empire

- New France in Canada

- Fur trading with Native Americans

Dutch Empire

- New Amsterdam

- Dutch East India Company

- Competitor to the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean

Changes between 1450-1750

-Americas went from being isolated to bein interconnected

-Aztec and Inca fall to the Spanish

-The Columbian exchange helped connect everyone

Continuities between 1450-1750

-Desire for Indian Ocean and Asian goods

-Muslim merchants in North Africa and Indian Ocean

-Denial of rights to various groups

-Religion used to legitimize rule

What was the Enlightenment?

a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

What is empericism?

Using your senses to identify things and reason

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights.

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.

What is Deism relating to enlightenment?

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe

Who were the conservatives during the enlightenment?

People who did not believe in enlightenment ideas

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft? (Enlightenment Women)

She wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman, demands equal educational rights for women.

Seneca Falls Convention (Enlightenment Women)

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

What is the Social Contract?

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

American Revolution (1775-1783)

A period when 13 colonies gained independence from England. Based on disapproval by colonists of several taxes and other unpopular laws. Protests lead to fighting in 1775, and after two main British armies were captured in 1777 and 1781 and an alliance of the colonists with the French, the Treaty of Paris was signed.

The Declaration of Independence was influenced by what?

The Enlightenment

The French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. 3rd estate created the national assembly.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

influenced by the Declaration of Independence

The Haitan Revolution

From 1789 - 1804 in Saint Domnigue (Haiti) Slaves were abused and the gens de couleur (free colored people) and the slaves rebelled against white elite planters. The rebellion was led by Toussaint who dies in combat and the rebels declare Haiti as Independent place.

What war is the exception to happy ending?

New Zealand Wars

New Zealand Wars

confrontations between the Maori and British troops over disputed land. British won and tightened control.

Latin Revolution

Napoleon had placed his brother as King of Spain. Spain was in turmoil along with its colonies. Simon Bolivar led Revolution in Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina

What did all these revolutions have in common?

NATIONALISM

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South starting with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

German Unification

Bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite the various German populations.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

1. Close to water

2. Lot of Raw Materials

3. Productive Agriculture (crop rotation)

4. Urbanization

5. Protection of Property (no gov't intervention)

6. Access to foreign resources

7. Accumulation of Capital

8. Invention of the Factory System

Important things produced in the Industrial Revolution

Spinning Genny, Interchangeable parts, water wheel.

What did industrialization look like in the US?

-large amount of immigrants settled in urban areas (workers)

What did industrialization look like in the Russia?

-Large building of railroads lead to more trade with China

-Steel industry

What did industrialization look like in the Japan?

- Took in industrial ideas but limited them to make sure that their traditions/culture were still present

Asian/Middle East countries that were industrializing on a small scale

India bc of the British rule and tariffs (Shipbuilding) (Iron)- British shut down Indian Iron trade because of uprisings (iron->bullets)

1st Industrial Revolution

1750s-1850s--> Steam Engine--> Steam Ships--> Locomotives--> Iron--> Textiles

2nd Industrial Revolution

1850s-1950s--> Great Britain, US, and Germany--> Steel---> Gas---> Communication (Telegraph) (Telephone)

Effects of new technology created during the industrial revolution

- Increase in trade

- New waves of migration

Why did the Ottoman Empire decline?

refusal to industrialize- weak leaders-"Sick Man in Europe"

Muhammed Ali (Egypt)

Turkish ruler of Egypt who won effective independence of Egypt from the Ottomans in early 1800s and helped them industrialize- STATE SPONSORED INDUSTRIALIZATION

Japan Industrialization

Was isolated--> Western Powers tried to influence Japan to open their borders (Mathew Perry, US). Industrialized enough to protect culture and tradition (Meiji Restoration)

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

Corporations/Limited liability

companies ensured that if the company went bankrupt, an investor could lose only what he'd invested (not everything he owned). Change from Joint stock companies

Leisure Culture

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.