2.2 mongolians

kuritali

mtg of all mongol chieftans

khan

ruler

khanate

kingdom

pax mongolica

eurasian history between 13th - 14th century, mongolian peace

mongolia

land of the mongols

temujin

first name of genghis khan

genghis khan

universal ruler

• united warring tribes with personal magnetism & courage

• building power (appointments, used the conquerd lands’ existing govts to rule, left internal affairs alone

mongol empire

• resistance meant death, many savage and brutal ways, military strategy

• skilled military (discipline, strong horse riders, short bow)

• enemy settlement (small group to ask for surrender)

• used other conquered states to conquer for them

• craftsworkers, miners, those who could read and write were recruited

• incorporated military weapons and technology of the people they conquered

pax mongolica

• GOV - consulted scholars and engineers of islamic tradition

• CDI - religious tolerance

• ECN - protection of silk roads

yuan dynasty

uniting china was valued by chinese; assumed mongols had mandate of heaven

chinese dynasty controled by mongolians

moved capital to beijing

kublai khan

grandson of genghis khan

ruled yuan dynasty

policies similar to benevolent chinese emperors; improved roads, canals, lowered taxes, patronized scholars and artists

downsides of kublai khan

ignored chinese civil service exam

intermarriage is not allowed

learning of mongol scripts is not allowed

decline of mongols (yuan dynasty)

distressed scholar gentry

white lotus society (coming of buddha and new dynasty)

zhu yanzhan (buddhist monk) and lower classes overthrew mongols and made ming dynasty

batu & golden horde

ruled northern russia thru existing russian rulers (indirect rule)

death from attacks

no occupation of russia, they have nothing to offer

mongols were less influenced by russian culture due to indirect rule

il-khanate

hulegu’s kingdom, southwest

persians were ministers and local officials (mongols used existing govts to rule)

tolerated all religions in persia, after islam they supported massacres of jews and christians

sacking of baghdad

1258, brutal attakcs

end of abbasid caliphate

japan and the mongols

failed to conquer in 1274 and 1281

refused to become a vassal state to kublai khan in china

hurricane - strengthened feelings of divine support

kamikaze - divine wind

technological and cultural transfers

• transfer of greco-islamic medical knowledge to western europe

• transfer of numbering systems to europe

• messenger force

• uyghur alphabet (adoption)

long term impacts

mongols conquered more than the romans

• pax mongolica revitalized interregional trade (silk road)

• interregional cultural exchange (paper, printing press, greco-islamic knowlege, arabic numbering system

• bubonic plague

• centralized power (international law)

• mongol fighting techniques