Understanding the States and Properties of Matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

States of Matter

Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas on the basis of interparticle forces and the arrangement of particles.

Solid

Fixed shape and volume.

Liquid

No fixed shape but has volume.

Gas

Neither definite shape nor volume.

Energy in Solids

Lowest.

Energy in Liquids

Medium.

Energy in Gases

Highest.

Compressibility of Solids

Difficult.

Compressibility of Liquids

Nearly difficult.

Compressibility of Gases

Easy.

Arrangement of Molecules in Solids

Regular and closely arranged.

Arrangement of Molecules in Liquids

Random and little sparsely arranged.

Arrangement of Molecules in Gases

Random and more sparsely arranged.

Fluidity of Solids

Cannot flow.

Fluidity of Liquids

Flows from higher to lower level.

Fluidity of Gases

Flows in all directions.

Movement in Solids

Negligible.

Movement in Liquids

Depends on interparticle attraction.

Movement in Gases

Free, constant and random.

Interparticle Space in Solids

Very less.

Interparticle Space in Liquids

More.

Interparticle Space in Gases

Large.

Interparticle Attraction in Solids

Maximum.

Interparticle Attraction in Liquids

Medium.

Interparticle Attraction in Gases

Minimum.

Density in Solids

Maximum.

Density in Liquids

Medium.

Density in Gases

Minimum.

Rate of Diffusion in Solids

Negligible.

Rate of Diffusion in Liquids

It depends on interparticle attraction.

Rate of Diffusion in Gases

Maximum.

Diffusion

When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other.

Effect of Temperature on Matter

On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of the matter increases.

Interparticle Force of Attraction

The force that reduces between particles, causing them to detach from their position and move freely.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid melts to become liquid at atmospheric pressure.

Equilibrium at Melting Point

At the melting point, both solid state and liquid state exist simultaneously.

Fusion

The process when two atoms collide to create a heavier atom, such as two hydrogen atoms combining to create one helium atom.

Energy from Fusion

Fusion generates enormous amounts of energy, many times more than fission, and powers the sun.

Melting Point of Ice

The melting point at which ice, a solid, turns to water, a liquid, is 32°F (0°C).

Boiling Point

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point of Water

The boiling point for water is 100 degrees centigrade.

Celsius Scale

The Celsius scale was created based on the ice/water melting point and the liquid water/vapor boiling point.

Latent Heat of Fusion

The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation

The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous phase without changing into the liquid phase.

Effect of Change in Pressure

Applying pressure decreases the interparticle spaces between particles, converting solid to liquid and liquid to gas.

Evaporation

The phenomenon by which molecules in liquid state undergo a spontaneous transition to the gaseous phase at any temperature below its boiling point.

Example of Evaporation

The gradual drying of damp clothes is caused by the evaporation of water to water vapour.

Factors Affecting Evaporation

Temperature, surface area, humidity, and wind speed all affect the rate of evaporation.

Cooling Due to Evaporation

During evaporation, particles absorb energy from surroundings, cooling the surroundings.

Example of Cooling Due to Evaporation

Sweating cools down our body by evaporating water.

Applications of Evaporative Cooling

Keeping water cool in earthenware containers and using cotton clothing to promote evaporation and cooling.