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Mind's "Best Guesses"
The mind forms assumptions about the world based on available information.
Cognitive Biases
Systematic deviations from rationality in judgment or decision-making processes.
Bottom-up Processing
Information processing that starts with incoming stimuli.
Top-down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level cognitive processes.
Controlled Processes
Mental activities that require conscious effort and attention.
Automatic Processes
Mental activities that occur with little conscious awareness or effort.
Working Memory
Temporary storage and manipulation of information.
Long-Term Memory
Relatively permanent storage of information.
Rehearsal
Repetition of information to aid in its retention in memory.
Separate Memory Systems
Working memory and long-term memory are distinct based on behavioral and neuropsychological evidence.
Working Memory Capacity
Limited capacity of around 7 ± 2 "bits" of information.
Chunking
Grouping information into meaningful units to improve memory.
Incidental Memory
Memory formed without intention.
Levels of Processing
Different depths of processing information affect memory retention.
Encoding Errors
Mistakes in the initial processing of information into memory.
Distinctiveness
Uniqueness of stimuli that attracts attention.
Long-Term Memory Storage
Capacity for storing vast amounts of information.
Retroactive Interference
New learning interferes with the recall of old memories.
Availability vs Accessibility
Memory can be present but not easily retrieved.
Encoding Specificity
Memory retrieval is enhanced by cues related to the encoding context.
Episodic Memory
Memory of personal experiences.
Semantic Memory
Memory of general knowledge and facts.
Explicit Memories
Memories that require conscious awareness for retrieval.
Implicit Memories
Memories retrieved unconsciously.
Schemata
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
False Memories
Recollections of events that did not occur as remembered.
Memory Reconstruction
Process of rebuilding memories based on partial information.
Eyewitness Memory
Recollection of events witnessed, influenced by various factors.
