Perspectives in psychology (biology)

Mind's "Best Guesses"

The mind forms assumptions about the world based on available information.

Cognitive Biases

Systematic deviations from rationality in judgment or decision-making processes.

Bottom-up Processing

Information processing that starts with incoming stimuli.

Top-down Processing

Information processing guided by higher-level cognitive processes.

Controlled Processes

Mental activities that require conscious effort and attention.

Automatic Processes

Mental activities that occur with little conscious awareness or effort.

Working Memory

Temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Long-Term Memory

Relatively permanent storage of information.

Rehearsal

Repetition of information to aid in its retention in memory.

Separate Memory Systems

Working memory and long-term memory are distinct based on behavioral and neuropsychological evidence.

Working Memory Capacity

Limited capacity of around 7 ± 2 "bits" of information.

Chunking

Grouping information into meaningful units to improve memory.

Incidental Memory

Memory formed without intention.

Levels of Processing

Different depths of processing information affect memory retention.

Encoding Errors

Mistakes in the initial processing of information into memory.

Distinctiveness

Uniqueness of stimuli that attracts attention.

Long-Term Memory Storage

Capacity for storing vast amounts of information.

Retroactive Interference

New learning interferes with the recall of old memories.

Availability vs Accessibility

Memory can be present but not easily retrieved.

Encoding Specificity

Memory retrieval is enhanced by cues related to the encoding context.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences.

Semantic Memory

Memory of general knowledge and facts.

Explicit Memories

Memories that require conscious awareness for retrieval.

Implicit Memories

Memories retrieved unconsciously.

Schemata

Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

False Memories

Recollections of events that did not occur as remembered.

Memory Reconstruction

Process of rebuilding memories based on partial information.

Eyewitness Memory

Recollection of events witnessed, influenced by various factors.