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Fed. 78
Written by Alexander Hamilton, focuses on the judicial branch and the concept of judicial review.
argued that the judiciary should be independent and that judges should serve for life, provided they exhibit good behavior
emphasizes that the courts are the weakest of the three branches of government, lacking both force and will, and that their primary role is to interpret laws and ensure they conform to the Constitution.
laid the foundation for the power of judicial review
Gideon v. Wainwright
Supreme Court ruled that defendants in criminal cases have the right to an attorney, even if they cannot afford one,
Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel
ensured fair trials and significantly impacted criminal justice procedures across the United States.
extended the right to counsel to state court proceedings
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
ruled that officially sponsored prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
prohibits the government from establishing a religion.
established a clear separation between religion and public education
set a precedent for interpreting the Establishment Clause in cases involving state-sponsored religious activities.
Fed. 70
Authored by Alexander Hamilton, argues for a strong executive branch led by a single president.
It advocates against a plural executive and emphasizes the need for energy, efficiency, and accountability in the executive office.
influenced the structure and powers of the presidency as outlined in the U.S. Constitution
Marbury v. Madison
Established judicial review: allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
involved William Marbury's commission as a justice of the peace, which was not delivered.
Article III, Section 2, Judicial Power Clause
Mculloch v. Maryland
Confirmed the federal government’s implied powers
upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.
Maryland tried to tax the bank, but the Court ruled that states cannot tax federal institutions.
Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8)
Supremacy Clause (Article 6)
US v. Lopez
Limited Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause.
The Court ruled that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress’s authority to regulate interstate commerce.
Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8)
Citizens United v. FEC
Held that corporate funding of independent political ads in candidate elections cannot be limited under the First Amendment
expanded the concept of free speech.
Free Speech Clause (First Amendment)
Baker v. Carr
Established the principle of “one person, one vote”, allowing federal courts to intervene in and decide redistricting cases.
landmark case regarding equal protection in legislative division.
Equal Protection Clause (Fourteenth Amendment)
Constitution
The supreme law of the United States
establishes the framework of the federal government
separation of powers
checks and balances
federalism.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Commerce Clause
Supremacy Clause
Judicial Power Clause
Equal Protection Clause
DOI
America’s “break up text” to Britain
emphasized natural rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
stated it is the right of the people to overthrow an unjust government
Social Contract & Popular Sovereignty
AOC
The first constitution of the United States
established a weak central government and gave most powers to the states
failed due to its inability to manage national issues like commerce and taxation
State Sovereignty
Fed. 10
Argues for a large republic to control factions
emphasizes that a diverse society can prevent any one faction from dominating the government (pluarism)
Factions
Fed. 51
Argues for the separation of powers and checks balances within the government ( rule of law)
to ensure no single branch becomes too powerful.
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Brutus 1
anti-Federalist paper arguing against the ratification of the Constitution
feared that a large republic would lead to tyranny
Tyranny of Central Government
Small Republic
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, of the Press, Assembly, and Petition
2nd Amendment
Protects the people's right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
No soldier can be quartered in a home without the permission of the owner
4th Amendment
Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause
5th Amendment
Protects rights of due process and the right to remain silent ("plead the 5th"), double jeopardy
6th Amendment
The right to a fair and speedy trial by a jury of one's peers; to have witnesses and to give a defense; loss of liberty/life
7th Amendment
The right to a trial by jury in civil cases for amounts of $20 or more
8th Amendment
Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments
9th Amendment
People have other rights not specifically stated in the Constitution
10th Amendment
Gives all powers not specifically given to the United States government in the Constitution, to either the states or to the people
11th Amendment
Determines when and if a state can be sued; states cannot be sued by people from other states or by foreigners
12th Amendment
The Electoral College must vote for the President and the Vice President separately
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
14th Amendment
Makes anyone born on US soil a citizen and guarantees equal protection under the law
15th Amendment
Gave all men the right to vote regardless of race or color or whether they had been slaves
16th Amendment
Created an income tax and gave the Federal government the power to collect it
17th Amendment
Creates the direct election by the people of Senators
18th Amendment
Prohibition of the drinking, manufacture, and sale of alcohol
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
20th Amendment
Gives details on the terms of office for Congress and President; shortens "lame duck" period (time between election and inauguration)
21st Amendment
Repealed the 18th amendment (prohibition)
22nd Amendment
Limits the president to two terms in office (or 10 years)
23rd Amendment
Gave Washington, D.C. representatives in the electoral college so that citizens of D.C. could participate in the electoral process, even though it is not an official state
24th Amendment
Prohibited the poll tax
25th Amendment
Explains what happens when the President dies or is unable to continue in office (Succession)
26th Amendment
Sets the national voting age at 18, cannot be set any higher
27th Amendment
Any changes in Congressional salaries will take place after the next term starts