Chapter 8 Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing lecture notes on manipulating proteins, DNA, and RNA.

Disrupting extracellular matrix

Using proteolytic enzymes or EDTA to break down the extracellular matrix.

Separating different cell types

Separating cells using antibodies linked to fluorescent dyes and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.

Classical genetic strategy

Isolating a mutant organism with a defect and identifying the mutated gene from a DNA library.

Reverse strategy

Determining the protein-coding sequence by analyzing genomic sequence databases.

Wild-type alleles

Naturally occurring variants of a gene that support a typical phenotype.

Mutant gene allele

A newly formed allele that causes a defective phenotype.

Phenotype

The characteristic resulting from the expression of genotype gene alleles.

Heterozygous for a gene

An organism with two different alleles for a gene.

Homozygous for a gene

An organism with two identical alleles for a gene.

Recessive mutant allele

Both alleles must be mutant to produce the mutant phenotype.

Dominant mutant allele

Specifies the phenotype in a homozygous individual and in a heterozygous individual carrying one recessive/mutant allele.

Recessive mutations

Usually cause a loss of function.

Dominant mutations

Usually cause a gain of function or an altered function.

Homologous chromosome pairs

Homologous chromosome pairs contain one homolog from each parent; genes may be different allelic forms.

Mitosis

Both daughter cells receive a maternal and paternal homolog of each chromosome.

Meiosis I

Each replicated chromosome pairs and can undergo homologous crossing over with its homologous partner.

Meiosis II

A second division without DNA replication segregates each sister chromatid into a daughter cell.

Complementation analysis

Analysis that determines whether recessive mutations are in the same or different genes.

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA generated using plasmids and restriction enzymes, replicates in host cells

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences and for DNA sequencing.

Gene mutation

Introducing point mutations or knockout techniques (homologous recombination, CRISPR, RNAi)

RNA interference (RNAi)

can inhibit gene function in C. elegans and other organisms

Cell line

Most vertebrate stop cell division after a finite number of cell divisions

Heterocaryon

A combined cell with two separate nuclei.

Two Dimensional Electrophoresis

Separate bands using intrinsic charge by Isoelectric Focusing

Isoelectric pH

when pH neutralizes charges on protein, the proteins stops moving