A&P 1 Ch. 6&8

T/F: The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

True

Which of the following is **not** a function of the skeletal system?

communication

T/F: Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

False

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ______

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

The structural unit of compact bone is the ______

osteon

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

The Haversian canal is the opening for ________

blood vessels and nerve fibers

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the _______

Haversian canal

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

Feet

Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

plantar flexion

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat

Bone forming cells that produce the body matrix in a developing bone are ________.

osteoblast

Articulations permitting only **slight** degrees of movement are ________.

amphiarthroses

The **gliding** **motion** of the wrist uses ________ joints.

Plane

A fracture in the **shaft of a bone** would be a break in the ________.

diaphysis

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

What kind of **tissue** is the forerunner of **flat bones** in the embryo?

dense fibrous connective tissue

The presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Spongy bone is made up of **small, flat pieces of bone** called ______

trabeculae

The process of **bones increasing in width** is known as ________.

appositional growth

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

elevated levels of sex hormones

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

diarthrosis

T/F: The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

True

On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?

syndesmosis

T/F: The only movement allowed between the first two vertebrae is flexion.

False

Which structure allows the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

Wolff's law is concerned with ______

the thickness, shape, and remodeling of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

What is a comminuted fracture?

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

A comminuted fracture fragments into _____ pieces.

3 or more

To whom are comminuted fractures particularly more common in?

the aged, whose bones are more brittle

When the bone is crushed, it is a(n) ______

compression fracture

Where are compression fractures common?

porous bones subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall

_______ is a **ragged break** that occurs when excessive **twisting** forces are applied to a bone.

spiral fracture

A common sports **fracture found in athletes** is a _______

spinal fracture

When the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate is a(n) ______

epiphyseal fracture

_______ tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring.

epiphyseal fracture

When a broken bone portion is pressed inward is a(n) _______

depressed fracture

A ________ is typical of a **skull fracture**

depressed fracture

When the **bone grows incompletely** it is a(n) ________

greenstick fracture

A **fracture that is common in children** that have more of an organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults.

greenstick fracture

_______ is Red Bone Marrow that has changed to **fat**.

Yellow bone marrow

What does yellow bone marrow do?

stores fat

Where do you find yellow bone marrow?

in the medullary cavity of long bones

What are osteoblast?

Are bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.

What does osteoblast do?

Builds new bone

What is the secretion of the osteoblasts composed of?

Collagen and calcium binding proteins

What hormone stimulates the secretion of the osteoblast cells?

Calcitonin

Where does the calcitonin hormone come from?

Thyroid

What are osteoclasts?

Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages

What do osteoclasts do?

break down bone

What is the secretion of osteoclasts composed of?

Enzymes & acids

What hormone stimulates the secretion of osteoclasts?

Parathyroid (PTH)

Where does parathyroid hormone come from?

parathyroid gland

What are the 2 types of ossification?

intramembranous and endochondral

What type of tissue makes up endochondral ossification?

hyaline cartilage

What structure makes up the epiphyseal growth plate?

hyaline cartilage

Cartilage bones are referred to as ______

endochondral bone

What bones develop from endochondral ossification?

most of the skeleton

Endochondral ossification forms most of all bones inferior to the base of the skill *EXCEPT* ________

clavicles

What type of tissue makes up intramembranous ossification?

fibrous membrane

intramembranous ossification bones are called _______

membrane bones

What bones develop from intramembranous ossification?

flat bones, clavicles, and cranial bones

Where does intramembranous ossification **begin**?

within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased epiphyseal plate activity

What is the **shaft** of the bone called?

diaphysis

What do you call each **end** of the bone?

Epiphysis

What is appositional growth?

Bones grow in width

The process of bones increasing in length is known as _______.

interstitial growth

When does interstitial growth stop?

Female- 18 years old

Male- 21 years old

When does appositional growth occur and end?

It occurs throughout life

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

What is the osteon?

structural unit of compact bone

What are the structures that make up the osteon?

lamellae “rings”

What is the Haversian canal?

Channels in the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

What is the epiphyseal growth plate?

cartilage junction between ends and shaft

What are the zones of the epiphyseal growth plate in order from top to bottom?

Resting zone

proliferation zone

hypertrophic zone

Calcification zone

ossification zone

What is trabeculae?

Spongy bone

Where do you find trabeculae?

at the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregular bones

What vitamins and minerals are required for normal bone growth?

calcium, protein, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, potassium, and fluoride.

Calcium functions in _______

nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division

immovable joints of the skull; Fibrous joint

Sutures

A fibrous joint connected by ligaments is classified as a _______

Syndesmosis

The connecting of the radius and ulna is a _______ joint

Syndesmosis

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets fibrous joint are _______

Gomphoses

Cartilaginous joints are classified as ______

Sychondrosis, symphysis

Two bones forming an **immovable joint** found in the vertebra or pubic joined by fibrocartilage is a _______

symphysis

What are the only **freely movable** joints?

Synovial

What are the six distinguishing features of synovial joints?

1. articular cartilage

2. joint cavity

3. articular capsule

4. synovial fluid

5. reinforcing ligaments

6. nerves and blood vessels

What is articular cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

Where is articular cartilage found?

At the ends of long bones where they unite by synovial joints

Which joints are made of fibrous connective tissue?

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

**fluid-filled, connective tissue sacs** that act as a ball bearing to reduce friction are called ______

bursae

The two main types of joint classification are ______.

structure and function

T/F: Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.

False

T/F: Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned superiorly.

True

An **immovable** joint, no movement

synarthrosis

A **slightly movable** joint

amphiarthrosis

A **freely movable** joint

diarthrosis

A joint that has **circular motion** flexion and extension.

condyloid joint

A joint that allows **side to side movement** and **up and down movemen**t.

pivot joint