A&P 1 Ch. 6&8

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161 Terms

1
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T/F: The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
True
2
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Which of the following is **not** a function of the skeletal system?
communication
3
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T/F: Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
False
4
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Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ______
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
5
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The structural unit of compact bone is the ______
osteon
6
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What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
7
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The Haversian canal is the opening for ________
blood vessels and nerve fibers
8
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the _______
Haversian canal
9
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The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
Feet
10
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Pointing the toes is an example of ________.
plantar flexion
11
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Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
12
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Bone forming cells that produce the body matrix in a developing bone are ________.
osteoblast
13
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Articulations permitting only **slight** degrees of movement are ________.
amphiarthroses
14
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The **gliding** **motion** of the wrist uses ________ joints.
Plane
15
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A fracture in the **shaft of a bone** would be a break in the ________.
diaphysis
16
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Fibrous joints are classified as ________.
Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
17
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What kind of **tissue** is the forerunner of **flat bones** in the embryo?
dense fibrous connective tissue
18
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The presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
hinge joint
19
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Spongy bone is made up of **small, flat pieces of bone** called ______
trabeculae
20
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The process of **bones increasing in width** is known as ________.
appositional growth
21
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In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
elevated levels of sex hormones
22
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The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
diarthrosis
23
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T/F: The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
True
24
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On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?
syndesmosis
25
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T/F: The only movement allowed between the first two vertebrae is flexion.
False
26
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Which structure allows the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
epiphyseal plate
27
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Wolff's law is concerned with ______
the thickness, shape, and remodeling of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
28
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What is a comminuted fracture?
fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
29
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A comminuted fracture fragments into _____ pieces.
3 or more
30
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To whom are comminuted fractures particularly more common in?
the aged, whose bones are more brittle
31
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When the bone is crushed, it is a(n) ______
compression fracture
32
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Where are compression fractures common?
porous bones subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall
33
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_______ is a **ragged break** that occurs when excessive **twisting** forces are applied to a bone.
spiral fracture
34
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A common sports **fracture found in athletes** is a _______
spinal fracture
35
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When the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate is a(n) ______
epiphyseal fracture
36
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_______ tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring.
epiphyseal fracture
37
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When a broken bone portion is pressed inward is a(n) _______
depressed fracture
38
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A ________ is typical of a **skull fracture**
depressed fracture
39
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When the **bone grows incompletely** it is a(n) ________
greenstick fracture
40
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A **fracture that is common in children** that have more of an organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults.
greenstick fracture
41
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_______ is Red Bone Marrow that has changed to **fat**.
Yellow bone marrow
42
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What does yellow bone marrow do?
stores fat
43
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Where do you find yellow bone marrow?
in the medullary cavity of long bones
44
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What are osteoblast?
Are bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.
45
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What does osteoblast do?
Builds new bone
46
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What is the secretion of the osteoblasts composed of?
Collagen and calcium binding proteins
47
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What hormone stimulates the secretion of the osteoblast cells?
Calcitonin
48
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Where does the calcitonin hormone come from?
Thyroid
49
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What are osteoclasts?
Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
50
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What do osteoclasts do?
break down bone
51
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What is the secretion of osteoclasts composed of?
Enzymes & acids
52
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What hormone stimulates the secretion of osteoclasts?
Parathyroid (PTH)
53
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Where does parathyroid hormone come from?
parathyroid gland
54
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What are the 2 types of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral
55
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What type of tissue makes up endochondral ossification?
hyaline cartilage
56
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What structure makes up the epiphyseal growth plate?
hyaline cartilage
57
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Cartilage bones are referred to as ______
endochondral bone
58
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What bones develop from endochondral ossification?
most of the skeleton
59
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Endochondral ossification forms most of all bones inferior to the base of the skill *EXCEPT* ________
clavicles
60
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What type of tissue makes up intramembranous ossification?
fibrous membrane
61
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intramembranous ossification bones are called _______
membrane bones
62
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What bones develop from intramembranous ossification?
flat bones, clavicles, and cranial bones
63
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Where does intramembranous ossification **begin**?
within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells
64
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What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased epiphyseal plate activity
65
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What is the **shaft** of the bone called?
diaphysis
66
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What do you call each **end** of the bone?
Epiphysis
67
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What is appositional growth?
Bones grow in width
68
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The process of bones increasing in length is known as _______.
interstitial growth
69
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When does interstitial growth stop?
Female- 18 years old

Male- 21 years old
70
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When does appositional growth occur and end?
It occurs throughout life
71
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
72
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What is the osteon?
structural unit of compact bone
73
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What are the structures that make up the osteon?
lamellae “rings”
74
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What is the Haversian canal?
Channels in the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
75
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What is the epiphyseal growth plate?
cartilage junction between ends and shaft
76
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What are the zones of the epiphyseal growth plate in order from top to bottom?
Resting zone

proliferation zone

hypertrophic zone

Calcification zone

ossification zone
Resting zone

proliferation zone

hypertrophic zone

Calcification zone

ossification zone
77
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What is trabeculae?
Spongy bone
78
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Where do you find trabeculae?
at the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregular bones
79
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What vitamins and minerals are required for normal bone growth?
calcium, protein, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, potassium, and fluoride.
80
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Calcium functions in _______
nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division
81
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immovable joints of the skull; Fibrous joint
Sutures
82
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A fibrous joint connected by ligaments is classified as a _______
Syndesmosis
83
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The connecting of the radius and ulna is a _______ joint
Syndesmosis
84
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Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets fibrous joint are _______
Gomphoses
85
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Cartilaginous joints are classified as ______
Sychondrosis, symphysis
86
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Two bones forming an **immovable joint** found in the vertebra or pubic joined by fibrocartilage is a _______
symphysis
87
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What are the only **freely movable** joints?
Synovial
88
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What are the six distinguishing features of synovial joints?

1. articular cartilage
2. joint cavity
3. articular capsule
4. synovial fluid
5. reinforcing ligaments
6. nerves and blood vessels
89
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What is articular cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
90
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Where is articular cartilage found?
At the ends of long bones where they unite by synovial joints
91
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Which joints are made of fibrous connective tissue?
Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
92
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**fluid-filled, connective tissue sacs** that act as a ball bearing to reduce friction are called ______
bursae
93
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The two main types of joint classification are ______.
structure and function
94
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T/F: Hinge joints permit movement in only two planes.
False
95
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T/F: Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned superiorly.
True
96
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An **immovable** joint, no movement
synarthrosis
97
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A **slightly movable** joint
amphiarthrosis
98
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A **freely movable** joint
diarthrosis
99
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A joint that has **circular motion** flexion and extension.
condyloid joint
100
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A joint that allows **side to side movement** and **up and down movemen**t.
pivot joint