WH2 FINAL - NONCOMP

Détente

a French word meaning: a relaxation of tensions or strained relations

Domino Theory

theory in US foreign policy after WW II stating that the “fall” of a state to communism would precipitate the fall of governments in neighboring states – as a row of dominoes: one falls, others fall

Glasnost

greater openness

Perestroika

restructuring

SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

agreements between the US & USSR aimed at limiting the production/deployment of nuclear weapons

Watergate

a building in Washington, DC - scene of a bungled bugging attempt during the 1972 election campaign

United Nations:

Security Council – 5 permanent members

the 5 permanent members of the UN:

possess veto rights

the “liberating” Soviets (Red Army)

supported the establishment of communist regimes after WWII

Eastern Europe

was to be a “buffer zone”

Cold War definition:

a state of existing tension between the Soviet Union & US

war was termed “cold” because:

it falls short of a shooting war directly between the USSR & the US

Cold War aspects:

a bipolar alliance system developed

becomes a conflict through proxy

After WWII, Germany was:

a divided land – carved into 4 occupation zones by the victorious Allies

Berlin was:

was located inside the Soviet zone – also divided into 4 sectors

Winston Churchill gives his “Iron Curtain” speech:

“an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent”

Truman pronounces what becomes known as the “Truman Doctrine”:

it will not be applied to Eastern EU nations that have already fallen

The Marshall Plan:

Foreign Assistance Act announced -- proved to be highly successful

Containment

thus became the core of US policy toward the Soviet Union

Berlin Blockade & then Berlin Airlift

Stalin closes surface access leading to W. Berlin -- answer: an aircraft

NATO is formed (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

an alliance that regards an attack on one as an attack on all

Mutual Assured Destruction

Cold War arms race - a policy termed: “MAD” will dominate

China

civil war raged between Communists (Mao Tse-Tung) & Nationalists (Chiang Kai-Shek)

defeated, Chiang withdrew his forces to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) – Mao/Communists win

Senator Joseph McCarthy ignites a Red Scare

he claims to have a list of communists employed by the State Department

The Korean War

in a surprise attack, communist North Korea attacked non-communist South Korea & pushed far south

Chinese troops entered the war on the NK side

fighting stabilized - an armistice signed

Warsaw Pact

a treaty of mutual defense & military aid

represents the USSR’s formalized military alliance

USSR

Nikita Khrushchev openly denounced Stalin

USSR – Sputnik

world’s first manmade satellite launched into orbit 

Russian Yuri Gagarin 

the first man launched into space (& orbit) 

Berlin Wall is started

will encircle West Berlin - designed to stop defections to West Berlin

Cuban Missile Crisis

US intelligence detects offensive nuclear missile sites in Cuba

JFK wants:

the missiles/bases removed & imposes a strict quarantine (blockade) of materials to Cuba

Khrushchev ordered:

ordered the Soviet ships to turn back

US - “Escalation”

Congress passes Tonkin Gulf Resolution – allowed President Johnson

President Nixon

1972 “surprise” visit to China

Iran Hostage Crisis

Iranians seized US Embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Afghan guerrillas (Mujahidin) with US arms waged jihad against troops armed/supported by the USSR

France

held colonial domination in Indo-China (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia)

Dien Bien Phu

France was decisively defeated at:

Ho Chi Minh

controlled communist North Vietnam which was based from Hanoi

Saigon

the US supported a non-communist South Vietnam which was based from:

a new Vietnamese War began:

began when communists in South V rebelled against the South V govt.

Viet Cong

communist guerrilla group operating in South V

Containment:

was to be applied in Vietnam (“Domino Theory”)

Tonkin Gulf Resolution 

made it the era of “escalation”

China & the Soviet Union 

supported North Vietnam

the TET Offensive

Viet Cong & North V forces seized urban areas in South V

US signs a:

cease-fire agreement - troops removed in 60 days

Saigon falls to communist forces

renamed: Ho Chi Minh City

Ronald Reagan elected president

to achieve favorable weapons agreements, the US had to be in a position of negotiating from strength

Reagan offers the “zero option” to the Soviets

the US would not proceed with the deployment of missiles in Europe

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan announces ________ , defensive missile “shield”

Soviets take this __very__ seriously

NATO/the Reagan administration deployed:

deployed intermediate range nuclear weapons in Europe

Chernobyl accident:

a nuclear power station near Kiev (Ukraine) exploded & burned

INF Treaty - intermediate nuclear forces

first arms-control treaty to abolish an entire category of weapon systems - the Soviets essentially accept the “zero option”

End of the Cold War

Hungary dismantled its border with Austria - soviets do not stop it

ignore (then dismantle) the Berlin Wall

East Germans celebrate when they can:

Fall of the USSR

Soviet Union disbanded

1994 Rwandan Genocide

ethnic groups: Tutsi & Hutu

Decolonization

gradual dismantling of imperialism

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman & president

State of Israel proclaimed

US recognized the legitimacy of Israel

Six-Day War

Israeli pre-emptive air strikes destroyed Egyptian air force - Israel gained control of valuable territory

“Black September”

title of a Palestinian terrorist organization responsible for “Munich”

Summer Olympics in Munich

11 Israelis were killed

Yom Kippur War

began on the Day of Atonement

Camp David Accords

Arab-Israeli reconciliation - treaty between Egypt & Israel

Iranian Revolution

riots in Iran - return of Ayatollah Khomeini & establishment of an Islamic Republic

Iranians seized the US Embassy in Tehran taking 66 US citizens hostage

Persian Gulf War

action by a US-led coalition to expel Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait

European Union

embraces over 25 countries - may represent

the world’s largest economy

Margaret Thatcher - UK

known for her determination - the “Iron Lady”

French Republic

Pursued greatness

Italy

Political instability

West Germany

recovered - termed economic “miracles”

economic recovery of W. Germany was rapid:

resulted in Europe’s strongest post-war economy

GB Parliament

partitions Ireland

Northern Ireland (aka Ulster)

remains part of the UK

Ireland (Republic of Ireland)

independent south section of island

“The Troubles”

standoff led to what is termed:

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

a group with factions

Good Friday Peace accords:

Republic of Ireland agreed to abstain from its goal of unification

“Jim Crow”

segregation laws govern most of African-American existence (White/Colored only)

Brown v. Board of Education

unanimous US Supreme Court decision - rejects “separate but equal”

Rosa Parks Arrested -- Montgomery Bus Boycott

refuses to give up her seat in the “Whites Only” section of a bus

Montgomery Bus Boycott propels:

propels Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) into leadership for racial equality

US Supreme Court rules:

rules bus segregation is illegal

Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock School Crisis – school desegregation

Woolworth’s Lunch Counter Sit Down

led to sit-ins throughout the South - four African-American students want coffee & doughnuts at the “White” section of a lunch counter

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

SNCC

Birmingham, AL Campaign

in prison, MLK authors the forceful Letter from Birmingham Jail with its “Funtown” reference

March on Washington, D.C.

MLK addresses peaceful marchers at Lincoln Memorial - delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech

Freedom Summer

attempt to increase voter registration of African-Americans throughout the South

MLK Assassinated

shot standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN

China - Great Leap Forward

Five-Year Plan result: death

Cultural Revolution

dispute over the future of Chinese Socialism

Tiananmen Square Massacre in Beijing

govt. troops slaughtered thousands of demonstrators

Japan

embarked on rapid industrial development – became an economic superpower

South Africa

post-war: blacks under apartheid (strict system of racial segregation)