SCH4U - Organic Chemistry

includes ONLY properties, functional groups, common names and polymerization

What are the EIGHT functional groups?

• alcohols

• ethers

• ketones

• aldehydes

• carboxylic acids

• esters

• amines

• amides

What group does alcohol include? + ending

hydroxyl group (-OH) + ol

What group does ethers include? + middle

single bonded oxygen (-O-) + oxy

What group does ketones include?

double bonded oxygen (=O) - in the middle + one 

What group does aldehydes include?

double bonded oxygen (=O) - at the end + anal

What group(s) does carboxylic acids include?

double bonded oxygen (=O) & hydroxyl group (-OH) + oic acid 

What group(s) does esters include?

double bonded oxygen (=O) & single bonded oxygen (-O-) + oate

What groups does amines include?

ammonia (NH3) (alkyl group replaces a H) + amine

What groups does amides include?

carbonyl group (C=O) attached to Nitrogen atom (N) w/ an alkyl group + amide

— common names —

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Alcohols (IUPAC name)

• Methanol =

• Ethanol =

• 2-proponol =

Alcohols (COMMON names)

• Methyl alcohol 

• Graim alcohol/spirit of wine 

• Rubbing alcohol 

Ethers (IUPAC naming):

• Methoxymethane =

• Ethoxyethane =

• Methoxyethane =

Ethers (COMMON naming):

• dimethyl ether

• diethyl ether

• ethyl methyl ether

Ketones (IUPAC naming):

• Propanone =

• 2-Pentanone =

Ketones (COMMON naming):

• Acetone

• Methyl propyl ketone

Aldehydes (IUPAC naming):

• Formaldehyde = 

• Acetaldehyde = 

Aldehydes (COMMON naming): 

• Methanal 

• Ethanal 

Carboxylic Acids (IUPAC naming): 

• Methanoic acid = 

• Ethanoic acid = 

• Propanoic acid =

Carboxylic Acids (COMMON naming): 

• Formic acid 

• Acetic acid 

• Propionic acid 

Esters (IUPAC naming):

• Methyl methanoate =

• Methyl ethanoate =

Esters (COMMON naming):

• Methyl formate

• Methyl acetate

Amines (IUPAC naming):

• Methanamine =

• Ethanamine =

• n-Propylamine =

Amines (COMMON naming):

• Methylamine

• Methylamine

• n-Propylamine

Amides (IUPAC naming): 

• Methanamide (derived from Formic Acid) 

• Ethanamide (derived from Acetic acid) 

• Propanamide (derived from propanoic acid)

Amides (COMMON naming):

• Formamide 

• Acetamide 

• Propionamide 

— properties —

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Alcohols

• Neutral, the -OH does not dissociate

• Flammable

• Polar molecules (due to -OH group)

• Soluble in water, decreases with increasing carbons

• Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons

• strong smell

Ethers

• liquids, sweet smell 

• lower b.p (no hydrogen bonding b/n other molecules)

• slightly soluble 

• moderately polar 

Aldehydes

• lower chains are gases or liquids

• smell pungent or fruity

• b.p is higher than alkanes due to dipole-dipole interactions but lower than alcohols

• solubility decreases with chain length

• polar due to C=O bond

Ketones

• lower chains are liquids

• sweet smell

• b.p is higher than alkanes due to dipole-dipole but lower than alcohols

• solubility decreases with chain length

• polar due to C=O bond

Carboxylic acids

• lower chains are liquid 

• lower acids have pungent, sour odour 

• high b.p due to hydrogen bonding 

• lower acids are soluble in water and decreases as chain gets longer 

• polar due to -COOH group 

• weak acids 

Esters

• lower esters are volatile liquids

• smell often pleasant and fruity odour

• b.p is lower than acids and alcohols (no H-bonding)

• less soluble in water in water due to H-bonding w/ water; solubility decreases as chain length increases

• Polar due to C=O and C-O bonds

Amines

• lowr amines are gases or liquids

• smell fishy, unpleasant odour

• b.p higher than alkanes but lowert than alcohols

• lower amines are soluble in water; solubility decreases as akyl chain length increases

• Polar due to -NH2 or -NH group

Amides

• lower amides are liquid 

• usually odourless 

• HIGH b.p due to strong hydrogen bonding between molecules 

• soluble in water (H-bonding), solubility decreases with larger alkyl groups 

• Polar due to C=O and -NH groups 

Rank the functional groups from lowest to highest b.p

• Van der Waals only: Alkanes → lowest BP

• Dipole-dipole: Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters → moderate BP

• H-bonding: Amines < Alcohols < Carboxylic acids < Amides → highest BP

— reactions —

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What are the reactions to form alcohols?

1. Hydration of Alkenes (addition)

2. Substitution (alkyl halides)

What are the reactions to form ketones?

1. Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols (oxidation)

2. Hydration of Alkenes (addition)

What are the reactions to form ethers?

1. Dehydration of Alcohols (condensation)

What are the reactions to form aldehydes?

1. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols (oxidation)

What are the reactions to form carboxylic acids?

1. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols (oxidation) → oxidation of an aldehyde (oxidation)

2. Hydrolysis of Esters (hydrolysis) - add water (excess is water)

What are the reactions to form esters?

1. Esterfication (condensation) of carboxylic acid + alcohol

What are the reactions to form amines?

Primary: halogenated alkane + ammonia

Secondary & Tertiary: alkane + amine

What are the reactions to form amides?

1. Primary, secondary, tertiary: Carboxylic acid + amines

— polymerization —

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Polymer

→ a large, usually chain-like molecule that Is built from small molecules

monomer

→ one of the repeating small molecules that MAKE UP polymers

homopolymer

→ a polymer of a single type of monomer 

copolymer

a polymer made of two or more different types of monomers combined

What are the two types of polymerization?

• Addition polymerization

• Condensation polymerization

Addition polymers (+ give example)

→ when monomers link during addition reactions (ex. polyethylene -plastic, PVC) 

Condensation polymers (+ give example)

→ formed when monomers join during condensation reactions.

• Polyesters are formed by the condensation reactions b/n carboxylic acids and alcohols - ester linkages (ex. nylon)

KEY points for addition polymerization

1. Monomers must be unsaturated

• Monomers have C=C

• Double bond opens up so monomers can link together

2. No By-products are Formed

KEY points for condensation polymerization

1. Monomers have TWO functional gourds (ex. Alcohol & carboxylic acid)

Ex. Diol + dicarboxylic acid → polyester

2. By-product (H20 usually released)

3. Alternating repeating units in polyester