Study Guide 2 Ch. 4-7

Tissue definition

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Four major tissue types

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Tightly packed cells, apical and basal surfaces, basement membrane, avascular, and rapid regeneration.

Types of epithelial tissue

Surface epithelium and glandular epithelium.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances onto surfaces through ducts.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Simple epithelium

A single layer of cells.

Stratified epithelium

Multiple layers of cells.

Cell shapes in epithelial tissue

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.

Functions of epithelial tissue

Diffusion, absorption, secretion, and protection.

Connective tissue characteristics

Few cells with a large extracellular matrix, usually vascular, and supports and binds other tissues.

Extracellular matrix components

Ground substance and protein fibers.

Types of connective tissue fibers

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

Categories of connective tissue

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissue.

Types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

Functions of muscle tissue

Movement and heat generation.

Nervous tissue location

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Cell types in nervous tissue

Neurons and neuroglia.

Body membranes definition

Thin layers of tissue that cover surfaces, line cavities, and form protective sheets around organs.

Epithelial membranes

Include serous membranes, mucous membranes, and cutaneous membranes.

Functions of skin

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D production, barrier to pathogens, and water balance.

Layers of the skin

Epidermis - epithelial
Dermis - dense irregular ct
Hypodermis - adipose

Functions of the skeletal system

Support, protection of organs, movement, blood cell production, and mineral homeostasis.

Bone classification by shape

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, and sutural bones.

Anatomy of a long bone

Includes epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum.

Bone cells

Osteoblasts (bone formation), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (bone resorption).

Bone formation types

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Types of fractures

Complete fractures, incomplete fractures, and compound (open) fractures.

Definition of a joint

A connection between two or more bones.

Classification of joints by movement

Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic.

Types of muscle contractions

Isotonic contraction (muscle shortens) and isometric contraction (muscle length does not change).

Muscle attachments

Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons, with an origin (less movable) and insertion (more movable).

Muscle interactions

Muscles work in groups; agonist (prime mover) and antagonist (opposite movement).

Fibers are giant, multinucleated cells

Skeletal

Located only in the heart

Cardiac

Not striated and involuntary

Smooth

Located in wall of hollow organs

Smooth

Striated and voluntary

Skeletal

A motor unit consists of..

One motor neuron and many muscle fibers

Which statement is false?

The smaller the motor unit the more forceful the contraction

Why can whole muscles produce different levels of force?

Different numbers of motor units are recruited

Which characteristic is shared by cardiac and skeletal muscle but not smooth muscle?

Striations

Which structure is the contractile unit of muscle?

Sarcomere

Axon Terminal is

Neuron

Synpatic Vesicles

Neuron

Motor end plate is

Muscle fiber

Synpatic cleft

Neither (space)

What event directly triggers the muscle action (depolarization) potential?

Sodium entering the muscle fiber

What role does ATP play in the cross-bridge cycle?

ATP allows myosin to detach from actin

If calcium ions were not pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what would happen?

Muscle would continue to connect

Why is calcium necessary for muscle contraction?

It exposes myosin binding sites on actin

Muscle in the relaxation phase

If blood calcium levels drop, which process would help restore normal levels?

Increased bone resorption; dissolving bone

Why is jumping good again?

Mechanical stress stimulates bone deposition

Which of the following joints are uniaxial?

Hinge

A 7-year-old child has bowed legs and delayed bone development. Blood tests reveal low vitamin D levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Rickets

A patient reports severe joint pain and swelling in both wrists and both knees. Blood tests show immune system activation against joint tissues. What condition is most likely?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

Tightly packed cells

Which statement correctly compares intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme, while

endochondral ossification replaces a hyaline cartilage model with bone.

Bundle of muscle fibers

Fascicle

Structure marks the boundary of a sarcomere

Z-line

Which athlete would rely most heavily on fast glycolytic fibers?

Sprinter

Place the stimulus in order

Receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector, response

During intense exercise, which ATP source provides energy first?

Creatine phosphate

Origin

Attachment to the less movable bone

Insertion

Attachment to the more

movable bone

Which situation represents an isometric contraction?

Holding a dumbbell in place without moving

Summation occurs when:

A second stimulus arrives before the muscle fully relaxes

Which muscle fiber type is best suited for long-distance running?

Slow oxidative fibers

Which ATP pathway provides energy fastest but for the shortest time?

Creatine phosphate pathway