GGS 101- Chapter 1 Terms

Geography

A spatial science that describes and explains physical/cultural phenomena. The study of Earth's features, people, and processes. Can be physical (landforms, climate) or human (culture, economics)

Physical vs Human geography

Physical: examines climate/landforms

Human: concentrates on spatial analysis of economic/political/social systems

Thematic vs Regional geography

Thematic/Systematic: focuses on specific topic or theme instead of specific region or place

Regional: focuses on areal units and the characteristics that distinguish them

Areal Differentiation vs Areal Integration

Differentiation: description/explanation of spatial differences on Earth including physical and human traits

Integration: description/explanation of places/landscapes that are connected and integrated with each other

Place vs Space

Place: characteristics of a location and the meaning people give the place, it shows areas of tension or worship

Space: specific data points like coordinates or measurements

Cultural Landscape

A visual expression of human settlements (houses, etc)

Formal region vs Functional region

Formal: an area where a static and specific trait like language or climate has ben mapped (more physical)

Functional: an area dominated by a specific activity (industry or religion)

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of people through converging processes of economic/political/cultural change, far places are connected via commerce and technology

Glocalization (global+local)

The process of modifying an introduced globalized product to accommodate local tastes (McDonalds in japan has a shrimp burger)

Pro-Globalization arguments

It enhances competition, increases flow of capital and employment, and encourages the spread of new tech/ideas

Anti Globalization arguments

It is not natural, maximizes profits for capitalist countries/multinational firms by moving capital and seeking low wage labor, no trickle down methods have been proved to work, richest 20% consume 86% of resources

Middle ground for globalization arguments

It is unavoidable, needs to be managed to reduce economic inequalities and to protect the environment

Relative vs Absolute location

Relative: locating places in terms of their relationship to other features

Absolute: uses coordinates

How are coordinates formatted?

44° 02' 42.95 N= 44 degrees, 02 minutes, and 42.95 seconds North

Latitude vs Longitude

Latitude: aka parallels, run EAST-WEST and locate places NORTH-SOUTH

Longitude: aka meridians, run NORTH-SOUTH and locate places EAST-WEST

Prime Meridian

Zero degree longitude that goes through Greenwich, England and divides hemispheres

Map Scale

The relationship between distances on a mapped object, LARGE SCALE maps cover SMALL AREAS in detail and vice versa

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that has shaded areas in proportion to the measurement of the variable

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

A computerized mapping system that analyzes vast amounts of data through layers of specific information like climate, etc

Geopolitics

The relationship between politics and space and territory

Population density

The ratio of average number of people in a square kilometer

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

annual growth percentage: (births) minus (deaths)

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Converting currency to a standard level to see how expensive something is in comparison

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of live births a woman has in her lifetime in a given country

Replacement Rate

The total fertility rate of 2.1 maintains a stable population

Population Pyramid

An age and gender structure to indicate RNI

Demographic Transition Model: stage 1

Preindustrial: both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.

Demographic Transition Model: stage 2

Transitional: modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth.

Demographic Transition Model: stage 3

Transitional: birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women's status, and access to contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate

Demographic Transition Model: stage 4

Industrial: birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman

Demographic Transition Model: stage 5

Postindustrial: countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.

Net Migration Rate

The number of incoming people minus outgoing people

Megacity

A population more than 10 million in a city

Culture

A learned and shared behavior by a group of people empowering them with a distinct "way of life"; it includes both material (technology, tools, etc.) and non-material (speech, religion, values, etc.) components.

Cultural Imperialism

The active promotion of one cultural system over another, such as the implantation of a new language, school system, or bureaucracy.

Cultural Nationalism

The active promotion of one cultural system over another, such as the implantation of a new language, school system, or bureaucracy.

Cultural Syncretism

The blending of two or more cultures, which then produces a synergistic third culture or specific behavior that exhibits traits from all cultural parents.

Lingua Franca

The blending of two or more cultures, which then produces a synergistic third culture or specific behavior that exhibits traits from all cultural parents, usually english

Universalizing Religions vs Ethnic Religions

Universalizing: attempts to appeal to people across the globe

ethnic: hereditary

Secularism

The rejection of religious practice

Territory

A defined area that a state controls and that is accepted by other states

Nation State

A relatively homogenous cultural group with its own territory

Colonialism

Occurred as states ruled and exploited a foreign population, its territory, and its resources

Decolonization

The process of a colony gaining sovereignty from colonial power

Neocolonialism

A former power interferes in economic and political matter of a former colonist

Insurgency

Violent challenges by a rebel or separatist group

Terrorism

Violence directed at civilians usually alongside an insurgency, product of and reaction to globalization

Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region. Explains unequal development, with a rich "core" and exploited "periphery"

HDI (human development index)

Combines social and cultural measurements as a quality of life indicator, basically a happiness meter, combines data on life expectancy, literacy, education, and income

GDP (gross domestic product)

The total value of goods and services produced within a given country in a year

GNI (gross national income)

The value of all goods and services produced within a country (GDP) plus the net income from foreign countries

Counterinsurgency

Military and political strategies used to suppress rebellions.

Diversity

Variety of characteristics within a population, like ethnicity, religion, or language.

Gender

Social roles and identities associated with being male, female, or non-binary

Gender Inequality

Unequal treatment and opportunities based on gender. Think pay gap or limited political participation for women.

Gender Roles

Socially defined behaviors and expectations associated with each gender. Think men as breadwinners, women as caregivers

GPS (global positioning system)

Satellites used to determine location on Earth. Think phone navigation apps

Graphic (linear) scale

Shows the relationship between map distances and real-world distances. Helps measure distances on a map

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Average GNI per person in a country. Simple indicator of national wealth

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person born today is expected to live

Map Projections

Methods of representing a spherical Earth on a flat surface, each with distortions. Think globes vs. Mercator map

Remote Sensing

The science and art of acquiring information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with it

Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas

Hinterlands

The area that is served by a city or port

Population Distribution

Population distribution is the way in which people are spread out acrossthe Earth's surface

Spatial Perspective

A spatial perspective is a way of thinking about the world that takes intoaccount the distribution of people, places, and things across space.

Transition Zone

A transition zone is an area where two or more geographic realms meet andblend together

Vernacular Region

Based on how people themselves perceive and understand their surroundings. They often reflect shared cultural identity, history, and experiences

Spatial System

A spatial system is a system of interconnected places that are linked together byflows of people, goods, and information

Positive vs Negative vs Zero RNI

Positive: Means more births are occurring than deaths, leading to population growth

Negative: Means more deaths are occurring than births, leading to population decline

Zero: Means an equal number of births and deaths, indicating a stable population

Pacific Ring of Fire

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that surrounds the Pacific Ocean