anatomy exam 4

functions of blood

1. transportation of gas
2. transportation of nutrients
3. transportation of hormones
4. transportation of waste
5. regulate blood pH
6. defend agains’t pathogens (wbc)
7. restrict blood loss though injury sites
8. stabilize body temperature

blood composition

plasma (55%), plasma proteins, formed elements (45%)

plasma (55%) components

non-cellular fluid matrix:

water, electrolytes, nutrients, metabolic waste

plasma protein job

transport hormones and lipids, framework for clots

formed elements in blood composition

red blood cells (99.99%)- O2/CO2 transport

white blood cells- immunological defense

platelets- cell-fragments that aid in clotting

blood is recycled through __*___ & ____*__

kidney and liver

anemia

lack of O2

\-low RBC

\-Low hemoglobin in RBC

hematocrit

ratio of blood and plasma

myocardium

cardiac muscles

\-thickness vary- muscle layer

\-atria and ventricles are separated with this

endocardium

smooth slippery lining in heart

\-elastic with collagenous fibers

\-covers chambers and valves

parietal pericardium

outside of visceral (parents are always watching over)

\-serous membrane that contributes to pericardial sac

\-reflects onto heart surface as visceral pericardium

visceral pericardium

inside heart stuck to organs

\-serous membrane

pericardial sac

mostly 2x layer

\-inner and outer layer fused

inner: parietal pericardium

outter: parietal pleura

myocardium in depth

\-single nuclei

\-striated

\-branched

\- involuntary

\-intercalated disk (contracts)

mediastinum

space between lungs that contains esophagus, trachea, great vessels, NAVLs of heart

pericardial cavity

space between parietal and visceral pericardia

pericarditis

inflammation of pericardia (sac builds pressure and bursts)

cardiac tamponade

pericardial cavity fills with blood

* happens when coronary artery vessel pops and has no where to go

artium

space in heart

all venous blood drains to

Right atria

right atrium contains

\-superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, chordae tendineae

\-pectinate muscles: wall of auricular, job to anger valves

\-right atrioventricular valve (aka: tricuspid=3 cusps)

right ventricle (pumps to lungs, thin) contains

\-right atrioventricular valve (aka: tricuspid= 3 cusps)

\-papillary muscles, chordae tendineae

\-trabeculae carneae ( slow blood)

\-pulmonary (right) semilunar valve (3 cusps)

pulmonary trunk importance

arterial blood leaving

papillary muscles job

keep blood out of atrium

left atrium consists of

\-4 pulmonary veins

\-pectinate muscles (push blood from atrium to ventricle)

\-left atrioventricular valve (aka bicuspid/ mitral = 2 cusps)

left ventricle (pumps blood everywhere, thick) consists of

\-left atrioventricular valve (aka bicuspid/ mitral = 2 cusps

\-papillary muscles

\-chordae tendineae

\-trabeculae carneae

\-left aortic semilunar valve (3 cusps)

\-aorta (pumps to rest of body)

capillary bed

\- arterial ends and venous begins

what happens if anterior intermuscular artery is blocked

death, widdow maker

coronary valve

insure one-way flow of blood through heart

\-regurgitation- backflow (murmur)

mitral valve prolapse

failure of chords/papillary muscles to stabilize bicuspid valve

systole

contraction of myocardium (pump phase)

diastole

relaxation of myocardium (fill phase)

atrial systole

injects blood into ventricles

ventricles fill which causes AV-valves to start closing

atrial diastole

ventricular systole injects blood into aorta/pulmonary artery

av-vales slam shut (lubb)

back pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk builds up

semilunar valves slam shut (dupp)

Lubb

Av valve

dupp

semi lunar valves

sinoatrial (sa) node

primary pacemaker on medial wall of right atrium

pacemaker (nodal) cells

heart rate

atrioventricular (av) node

\-located in junction between atria and ventricles

\-connected to sa node

av bundle (bundle of his)

runs from av-node through interventricular septum

\-purkinje fibers branch out into ventricular walls

purkinje fibers found

on interventricular septum

sa-node

heart initiates its own heart beat (base line)

sympathetic

heart speeds up, norepinephrine

parasympathetic

heart slows, acetylcholine

angina pectoris

referred pain in body (heart attack)

embolus

mobile clot in circulation

embolism

blockage from clot

coronary ischemia

restricted blood supply to myocardium

\-leads to myocardial infraction

myocardial infarction

localized cell death, heart attack

bradycardia

slow heart rate

tachycardia

fast heart rate

branches off right coronary artery

\-anterior ventricular

\-marginal artery - right margin of heart

\-posterior interventricular artery

branches off left coronary artery

\-anterior interventricular aorta

\-circumflex branch- continues to left

\-left marginal artery -left margin

\-posterior ventricular

venous blood draining on anterior

\-great cardiac vein (drains myocardium)

\-anterior cardiac veins

venous blood draining on posterior side

\-posterior cardiac vein

\-middle cardiac vein

venous blood draining coronary sinus

\-cardiac veins combine to from coronary sinus

\-coronary sinus drains into right atrium

arteries go

big to small

veins go

small to big

three entrances to right atrium

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

artery has what blood

oxygenated

vein has what blood

deoxygenated

lumen

hole

tunia intera

thin endothelium

tunica media

smooth muscle

tunica externa

Connective tissue around vessel

arteries and their tunic

carry blood heart to tissue- thick round

tunica interna- internal elastic

tunica media- thick muscle

tunica externa- collagen and elastic fiber

veins and their tunic

return blood to heart from tissue

tunica interna- smooth not elastic

tunica media- thin muscle

tunica externa- collagen but few elastic fibers

lymphatics

return lymph (interstitial fluid)

\-very thin walled vessel with small valves

15%

heart and lungs

20%

brain, arteries, and capillaries

65%

skin, gut, liver, veins

tunica media control blood flow

smooth muscle controls blood vessel diameter

vasoconstriction of vessels (decreasing diameter)

vasodilation of vessel

right or flight response of blood flow

dilation of capillaries in muscle (increase o2)

restriction of blood supply to gut

rest and digest response blood flow

redistribute blood to gut

dilation of capillary beds to gut

anastomoses

sugery

collateral circulation

cross legs

arteriosclerosis

abnormal thickening of arteries (high cholesterol)

aneurysm

bulge in weakened walls (high blood pressure)

cardiovascular accident

stoke (embolism in brain)

hemorrhagic stroke

brain blood vessel burst

varicose vein

veins swollen/distorted from valve failure

azygous

venous blood draining from intercostals

hemiazygous

venous blood draining on left side ribs 8-12

accessory hemiazygos

left rubs draining 1-6

arterial blood supply to skin and muscles

external carotid arteries

brain tissue arterial supply

internal carotid

vertebral

all branches held by arachnoid

arterial circle (circle of willis)

anastomotic ring that encircles pituitary gland

formed by internal carotid a.s and basilar artery

distribution hub for arterial supply to brain

important for pharmaceuticals

blood brain barrior

support cns and fluid balance

controlled by astrocytes

circulation isolated from genetic isolation

exceptions to blood brain barrier

capillaries of choroid plexus

permeable secretion of cns

capillaries in hypothalamus and epithalamus

permeable secretion of hormones

brain stem drainage

vertebral veins

three unpaired arteries

celiac trunk

superior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric

portal vein

defined as vessel between to capillary beds

liver gets blood from

celiac artery, common hepatic artery, and proper hepatic artery

hepatic portal viein

nutrient laden blood from gi

liver is drained

hepatic vein to inferior vena cava

fetal circulation

lungs are nonfunctional

liver/kidney somewhat functional

digestive tract has nothing to digest

placenta

mass of capillary beds

fetal and maternal cap beds are close

exchange of materials via diffusion

embryo/fetal attachment to placenta via umbilical cord

remnant scar on wall- umbilicus

ductusvenous

bypass liver

foramen ovlae

bypass lung

congenital heart defect

septal failure with stents of valves and pulmonary arch problems