anatomy exam 4

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240 Terms

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functions of blood

1. transportation of gas
2. transportation of nutrients
3. transportation of hormones
4. transportation of waste
5. regulate blood pH
6. defend agains’t pathogens (wbc)
7. restrict blood loss though injury sites
8. stabilize body temperature
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blood composition
plasma (55%), plasma proteins, formed elements (45%)
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plasma (55%) components
non-cellular fluid matrix:

water, electrolytes, nutrients, metabolic waste
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plasma protein job
transport hormones and lipids, framework for clots
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formed elements in blood composition
red blood cells (99.99%)- O2/CO2 transport

white blood cells- immunological defense

platelets- cell-fragments that aid in clotting
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blood is recycled through __*___ & ____*__
kidney and liver
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anemia
lack of O2

\-low RBC

\-Low hemoglobin in RBC
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hematocrit
ratio of blood and plasma
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myocardium
cardiac muscles

\-thickness vary- muscle layer

\-atria and ventricles are separated with this
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endocardium
smooth slippery lining in heart

\-elastic with collagenous fibers

\-covers chambers and valves
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parietal pericardium
outside of visceral (parents are always watching over)

\-serous membrane that contributes to pericardial sac

\-reflects onto heart surface as visceral pericardium
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visceral pericardium
inside heart stuck to organs

\-serous membrane
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pericardial sac
mostly 2x layer

\-inner and outer layer fused

inner: parietal pericardium

outter: parietal pleura
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myocardium in depth
\-single nuclei

\-striated

\-branched

\- involuntary

\-intercalated disk (contracts)
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mediastinum
space between lungs that contains esophagus, trachea, great vessels, NAVLs of heart
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pericardial cavity
space between parietal and visceral pericardia
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pericarditis
inflammation of pericardia (sac builds pressure and bursts)
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cardiac tamponade
pericardial cavity fills with blood

* happens when coronary artery vessel pops and has no where to go
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artium
space in heart
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all venous blood drains to
Right atria
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right atrium contains
\-superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, chordae tendineae

\-pectinate muscles: wall of auricular, job to anger valves

\-right atrioventricular valve (aka: tricuspid=3 cusps)
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right ventricle (pumps to lungs, thin) contains
\-right atrioventricular valve (aka: tricuspid= 3 cusps)

\-papillary muscles, chordae tendineae

\-trabeculae carneae ( slow blood)

\-pulmonary (right) semilunar valve (3 cusps)
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pulmonary trunk importance
arterial blood leaving
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papillary muscles job
keep blood out of atrium
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left atrium consists of
\-4 pulmonary veins

\-pectinate muscles (push blood from atrium to ventricle)

\-left atrioventricular valve (aka bicuspid/ mitral = 2 cusps)
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left ventricle (pumps blood everywhere, thick) consists of
\-left atrioventricular valve (aka bicuspid/ mitral = 2 cusps

\-papillary muscles

\-chordae tendineae

\-trabeculae carneae

\-left aortic semilunar valve (3 cusps)

\-aorta (pumps to rest of body)
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capillary bed
\- arterial ends and venous begins
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what happens if anterior intermuscular artery is blocked
death, widdow maker
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coronary valve
insure one-way flow of blood through heart

\-regurgitation- backflow (murmur)
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mitral valve prolapse
failure of chords/papillary muscles to stabilize bicuspid valve
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systole
contraction of myocardium (pump phase)
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diastole
relaxation of myocardium (fill phase)
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atrial systole
injects blood into ventricles

ventricles fill which causes AV-valves to start closing
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atrial diastole
ventricular systole injects blood into aorta/pulmonary artery

av-vales slam shut (lubb)

back pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk builds up

semilunar valves slam shut (dupp)
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Lubb
Av valve
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dupp
semi lunar valves
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sinoatrial (sa) node
primary pacemaker on medial wall of right atrium
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pacemaker (nodal) cells
heart rate
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atrioventricular (av) node
\-located in junction between atria and ventricles

\-connected to sa node
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av bundle (bundle of his)
runs from av-node through interventricular septum

\-purkinje fibers branch out into ventricular walls
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purkinje fibers found
on interventricular septum
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sa-node
heart initiates its own heart beat (base line)
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sympathetic
heart speeds up, norepinephrine
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parasympathetic
heart slows, acetylcholine
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angina pectoris
referred pain in body (heart attack)
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embolus
mobile clot in circulation
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embolism
blockage from clot
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coronary ischemia
restricted blood supply to myocardium

\-leads to myocardial infraction
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myocardial infarction
localized cell death, heart attack
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bradycardia
slow heart rate
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tachycardia
fast heart rate
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branches off right coronary artery
\-anterior ventricular

\-marginal artery - right margin of heart

\-posterior interventricular artery
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branches off left coronary artery
\-anterior interventricular aorta

\-circumflex branch- continues to left

\-left marginal artery -left margin

\-posterior ventricular
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venous blood draining on anterior
\-great cardiac vein (drains myocardium)

\-anterior cardiac veins
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venous blood draining on posterior side
\-posterior cardiac vein

\-middle cardiac vein
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venous blood draining coronary sinus
\-cardiac veins combine to from coronary sinus

\-coronary sinus drains into right atrium
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arteries go
big to small
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veins go
small to big
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three entrances to right atrium
superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus
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artery has what blood
oxygenated
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vein has what blood
deoxygenated
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lumen
hole
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tunia intera
thin endothelium
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tunica media
smooth muscle
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tunica externa
Connective tissue around vessel
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arteries and their tunic
carry blood heart to tissue- thick round

tunica interna- internal elastic

tunica media- thick muscle

tunica externa- collagen and elastic fiber
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veins and their tunic
return blood to heart from tissue

tunica interna- smooth not elastic

tunica media- thin muscle

tunica externa- collagen but few elastic fibers
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lymphatics
return lymph (interstitial fluid)

\-very thin walled vessel with small valves
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15%
heart and lungs
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20%
brain, arteries, and capillaries
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65%
skin, gut, liver, veins
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tunica media control blood flow
smooth muscle controls blood vessel diameter

vasoconstriction of vessels (decreasing diameter)

vasodilation of vessel
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right or flight response of blood flow
dilation of capillaries in muscle (increase o2)

restriction of blood supply to gut
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rest and digest response blood flow
redistribute blood to gut

dilation of capillary beds to gut
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anastomoses
sugery
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collateral circulation
cross legs
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arteriosclerosis
abnormal thickening of arteries (high cholesterol)
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aneurysm
bulge in weakened walls (high blood pressure)
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cardiovascular accident
stoke (embolism in brain)
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hemorrhagic stroke
brain blood vessel burst
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varicose vein
veins swollen/distorted from valve failure
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azygous
venous blood draining from intercostals
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hemiazygous
venous blood draining on left side ribs 8-12
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accessory hemiazygos
left rubs draining 1-6
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arterial blood supply to skin and muscles
external carotid arteries
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brain tissue arterial supply
internal carotid

vertebral

all branches held by arachnoid
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arterial circle (circle of willis)
anastomotic ring that encircles pituitary gland

formed by internal carotid a.s and basilar artery

distribution hub for arterial supply to brain

important for pharmaceuticals
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blood brain barrior
support cns and fluid balance

controlled by astrocytes

circulation isolated from genetic isolation
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exceptions to blood brain barrier
capillaries of choroid plexus

permeable secretion of cns

capillaries in hypothalamus and epithalamus

permeable secretion of hormones
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brain stem drainage
vertebral veins
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three unpaired arteries
celiac trunk

superior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric
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portal vein
defined as vessel between to capillary beds
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liver gets blood from
celiac artery, common hepatic artery, and proper hepatic artery
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hepatic portal viein
nutrient laden blood from gi
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liver is drained
hepatic vein to inferior vena cava
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fetal circulation
lungs are nonfunctional

liver/kidney somewhat functional

digestive tract has nothing to digest
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placenta
mass of capillary beds

fetal and maternal cap beds are close

exchange of materials via diffusion

embryo/fetal attachment to placenta via umbilical cord

remnant scar on wall- umbilicus
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ductusvenous
bypass liver
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foramen ovlae
bypass lung
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congenital heart defect
septal failure with stents of valves and pulmonary arch problems