Patho Exam 1 PowerPoint

Symptoms

Clients describing feeling lightheadedness, dizziness, short of breath,

Homeostasis

state of equilibrium or balance within and organism.

fever is indicative of an alteration in homeostatic control)

Eukaryote

any cell or organism that possesses a defined nucleus

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell,

Makes ATP (energy) production

Endoplasmic reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm

that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Kidneys secrete renin RAAS

when there is a drop in arterial blood pressure to increase peripheral resistance and increase blood pressure.

Aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

produced by the hypothalamus.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

FVD may result from

hemorrhage

excessive loss of GI
fluids

Vomiting

diarrhea

Highest loss of daily fluids

the urinary tract

Symptoms of fluid volume deficit (FVD)

thirst
weight loss
tachycardic.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) results from

Heart failure

End-stage kidney failure

Symptoms of fluid volume excess

crackles in the lungs

hypertension (High BP)

bounding pulses.

Osmosis

Movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular compartments).

active transport

Requires energy in the form of ATP

for the movement of solutes from an area of low to high concentration

Potassium exists

In the intracellular fluid

sodium chloride exists

predominately in extracellular fluid.

Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can result in what

cardiac arrhythmias.

Hypocalcemia can result in positive what?

Chvostek's sign

Our bones serves as a reservoir for what?

calcium

Isotonic

fluid volume is increased without a fluid shift

Hypotonic

causes fluid shifts from the extracellular space into the intracellular space

Hypertonic

causes fluid shifts from the intracellular space into the extracellular space

isotonic solution

Fluid stays inside the bloodstream

Hypotonic solution

Draws fluid from vessels and move fluid into the cells

hypertonic solution

Draws fluid out of the cells and into the blood

Initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress is the

"fight-or-flight" response

what happens during the fight or flight stage

Dilated pupils

Increased heart rate

Increased blood pressure

Increased respiratory rate

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion


alarm stage

alarm stage

1. fight or flight

2. Resistance stage

3. Exhaustion

Potential complications of chronic stress

Hypertension

Hyperglycemia

Depression

intact skin

First line of defense against disease

Neutrophils

First to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection

inflammatory response

second line of defense that occurs due to tissue damage

such as a break in the skin that introduces microorganisms

Staphylococcus

a common cause of bacterial skin infections

Fever

Indicates an alteration on homeostatic control mechanisms

Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to a pathogen

is a severe inflammatory response to a pathogen

An overwhelming infection

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)

Are lab tests than can detect inflammation

Signs of inflammation when injured

Pain

redness

warmth

swelling

heat

loss of function to injured area

Increased blood flow to the area of injury

Skin and mucous membrane

first line of defense

immune response against foreign antigens

Tears

mucous

saliva

Pyrogens

substances that cause fever

Interferons

small protein released by virus-infected cells to stop the replication of a virus

Complement proteins

Plasma proteins enhance antibodies

innate defense

Skin and mucous membranes

Mast cells

Release histamine

Macrophages

Mature monocyte that engulf foreign substances

passive immunity

IgA antibodies transferred to newborn via breast milk

adaptive immunity

Acquired immunity

HIV

Virus invades CD4+ (T helper cells)

Histamine

Causes blood vessels to dilate

active immunity

Immunity associated with vaccines

Artificial active immunity:

polio vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis,

flu vaccine during the flu season

IgA

breast milk, tears, and saliva

IgD

plays a role in B-cell activation

IgE

associated mainly with allergic reactions


found in the lungs skin
mucous membranes.

IgG

found in all body fluids and protects against bacterial and viral infections

IgM

initial antibody produced after an infection

Hypersensitivity

an inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system

Four of them

Type 1 hypersensitivity

reaction mediated by IgE antibodies involving development of urticaria, or hives


Example: allergic reaction

Type 2 hypersensitivity

cytotoxic

example: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)

Type 3 hypersensitivity

immune complex mediated

Example lupus

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Delayed reaction mediated by cellular response

Example: Poison ivy breaks out on arms after initial exposure 2 days ago

Mantoux tuberculin skin test

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Increasing workload increases organelle size and contractility

Example: Body builder

Hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

metaplasia

a pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells

Dysplasia

a pathologic mutation of normal cells into atypical cells (different size, shape, and appearance)

Cellulitis

inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue

mostly in the Low extremities


Affected skin appears swollen, red, and is typically painful and warm to touch.

Scleroderma

autoimmune disease affecting the skin and other organs of the body

there are massive deposits of collagen with fibrosis

Hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue

The inflammatory response causes edema.

Psoriasis

lifelong inflammatory immune disorder

Keratinocytes in the skin undergo rapid proliferation in the development of psoriasis

Two hallmark characteristics of cancer:

Uncontrolled cell growth

Altered cell differentiation

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis

Dysplasia

uncontrolled growth in which cells vary in size, shapes, and organization

Neoplasia

abnormal new cell growth

Anaplasia

Loss of differentiation

Most skin cancers occur on areas that have the most sun exposure

arms and hands

ABCDE Rule when monitoring skin lesions/moles for changes

Asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter
Evolving

Colon Cancer

3rd most common form of cancer in the United States

What should you screen for colon cancer

50

Atrophy

the wasting away or deterioration of muscle

kyphosis

increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward

Hunchback

Lordosis

Exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar spine

Scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

Respiratory difficulties may result

Transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

Oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone

Compression fracture

bone is crushed

Pathologic fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain


Example: patient with osteoporosis falls and fractures a hip

Stress or fatigue fracture

occurs from repeated excessive stress


Example: Marathon training

Complications of bone fractures may include

osteomyelitis

fat embolism

compartment syndrome

Osteomyelitis

infection of the bone

Fat embolism

fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture


Outcome can be fatal if the emboli travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart

Dislocation

bone becomes separated from the joint which causes loss of joint function

Sprain

Injury to a ligament that often involves stretching or tearing of the ligament

Herniated intervertebral disk-

Weakness of skeletal muscles resulting from impaired nerve supply

Osteoporosis

progressive loss of bone that leaves the bones brittle


Risk for fractures

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in children


Bowlegged appearance

Osteomalacia:

adult form of rickets

vitamin D deficiency can cause this metabolic, soft, weak bone disease

Paget disease

bone metabolism disorder associated with accelerated bone remodeling resulting in bone that is structurally abnormal


enlarged thick bones with skeletal deformities and increased fracture risk

Gout

Gout - Inflammatory disease

Excessive uric acid metabolism